Bleeding occurs due to arterial injury, venous and capillary blood vessels with outlet into the external space, called external. In the absence of timely assistance is gradually developing oxygen starvation of cells, which are particularly sensitive neurons of the brain. Low blood supply leads to a slow failure of muscles and internal organs. In order to prevent negative effects, there are ways to temporarily stop external bleeding in the provision of first aid.
species
Depending on the field of blood effusion classify the following types of bleeding:
- External bleeding. The pathological process is characterized by vascular injury in the skin, subcutaneous tissue and muscles. Against the background of visually distinct wounds the blood starts to flow into the outer space.
- Hidden. The blood from the damaged vessel flows into the interstitial space, the joint capsule, the pleural cavity, the pericardial sac, peritoneum between the sheets.
- internal bleeding. Is bleeding into the cavity bodies, communicating with the environment in the bladder, gastrointestinal tract, lungs.
Latent pathology is commonly referred to internal bleeding, but due to the high degree of gravity, mortality and the risk of damage to vital organs hidden blood loss was isolated in a separate group.
Outdoor type of blood loss is divided into several subtypes depending on the damaged vessel:
- Blood. The pathology is characterized by rapid loss of a large volume of blood and high risk of death. If the damage artery pours out a bright red liquid that flows throbbing jerks or a flowing stream.
- Venous. Blood dark cherry hue expires steady stream to the absence of pulsations. blood loss rate is low and requires medical intervention only when damaged blood vessels of large diameter.
- Capillary. It characterized by damage to the vascular bed in the skin and subcutaneous fat. Red blood acts on the skin in the form of small droplets. The wound requires only antiseptic treatment.
- Parenchymal. The pathological process develops in renal injury, pulmonary, hepatic, pancreatic and cancellous bone. Anatomical features of these structures do not allow the surrounding tissue to squeeze the broken vessels. Therefore, the blood from ruptured blood vessels is difficult to stop.
- Combined. In some cases, you can simultaneously wound venous and arterial bed. In 80% of cases of mixed blood loss develops in the preparation trauma bodies coated parenchyma.
evidence
It is necessary to know the basic signs of external bleeding for quick first aid and call the medical team. The less blood loss, the lower the risk of death. Therefore it is necessary to eliminate the loss of blood in a short time. The pathological process is classified according to the degree of severity of bleeding.
| The degree of severity | The volume of blood lost, ml |
| Lung | 500 |
| moderate | 500-1000 |
| severe | 1000-1500 |
| massive | 1500-2500 |
| Leading to death | 2500 |
Blood loss may vary depending on the current body weight. When anorexia and low weight loss results in the death of 1500 ml of blood. The clinical picture varies depending on the amount of blood lost. When mild degree the person complains of dizziness and fatigue. If external bleeding moderate or severe, are developing the following symptoms:
- pallor and blueness of the skin - cyanosis;
- labored breathing;
- muscle weakness;
- low blood pressure;
- compensatory tachycardia and thready pulse against the background of low blood volume;
- dizziness;
- confusion and loss of consciousness;
- in severe cases develop complications of the internal organs and systems of the body: brain edema, pulmonary, jaundice, kidney dysfunction.
When you see signs of excessive bleeding is required to immediately call an ambulance.
How to stop the bleeding
As part of first aid for external bleeding, provoked wound capillaries and small veins is required to impose a pressure bandage. If the blood loss caused by rupture of the arteries, is necessary to bend the victim limb. The methods of temporarily stopping arterial bleeding include the imposition of tourniquet and finger pressure. Immediately to prevent loss of blood, the arteries need to pinch your hands or squeeze his fist above external damage and fix the wiring on top of the wound.
Most effectively close the broken vessel lumen allows flexible rubber tube that is specifically used as a method of temporarily stopping external bleeding. In the absence of these things, you use cloth, bandages, gauze, tie, belt. Never use as a way to stop the bleeding objects that can injure the soft tissues: wire, plastic wire. Before applying for the wiring is required to enclose some soft cloth to ensure that the blood supply of the whole vessels.
We need to impose a tourniquet above the wound site. When limb wounds requires drag vessels and over the middle of the thigh of the elbow joint, since in these areas reduces the risk of nerve damage. At the same time, deep muscle layer and subcutaneous fat provides an effective pressing of the arterial lumen.
Impose a tourniquet on the forearm and calf muscle area irrationally - anatomical structure of these areas can not effectively squeeze damaged bloodstream. For external bleeding, first aid is needed to provide fast and high quality - if the artery is not completely clamped, may develop hypoxia.
After helping to write a paper or the hand of the victim while a tourniquet. in winter necrosis in adult patients starts after 60 minutes without the necessary blood supply in children after 15-20 minutes. In the summer time period is increased to 2 hours in adults, children up to half an hour.
Treatment
External bleeding finally stopped in hospitals. Patients with injury venous and capillary vessels enter the compartment traumatology where external stapled tissue. In such cases, resuscitation measures to eliminate the bleeding is not required, as there is blood clotting and thrombus formation. If the damage is the main and peripheral arterial vascular endothelium urgently surgeons sutured.
To stop the massive outpouring of blood into the environment, held an open wound tamponade. fluid loss is compensated by the transfusion of donor blood. If the damage is a major flow (aorta and its branches) vascular surgeons superposed seam or produce replacement of broken parts of the vessel. Surgical intervention is carried out in an emergency. The procedure followed by manipulation focused on prevention of complications.
