Diseases of the joints are not a rare occurrence. For several decades, medicine has been struggling with this kind of diseases, and during this time, many methods of conservative treatment and various effective operations on the articular parts of the body have been invented.
The most popular among such operations is arthroplasty.
Contents of the article
- What is it?
- Indications for operation
- Restrictions on surgical procedure
- Which joints are most often performed?
- Hip Joint Intervention
- Knee Arthroplasty
- Is there an opinion of
What is it?
Arthroplasty is a surgical plastic surgery, the main purpose of which is the regeneration of the functionality of the damaged joint.
The essence of this plastic is to renew the correct external joint forms for full compliance with the opposite element.
If necessary, major reconstructions of the relevant compounds, use synthetic plastics or stainless metal.
Often this is either nylon-6 or polyethylene terephthalate. And also, apart from synthetics, various types of fabric connective cover are used. It can be a transplanted skin of a person, or a special connective shell with a trophic function.
To date, it has also been practiced to use working whole articular or semi-articular mechanisms from corpses( cartilage, shell), as new elements for mechanizing various parts of a person.
Indications for the operation of
The main determining factors that are looked at by specialists to determine the need for surgical intervention are the extent and area of the destructive process, as well as the pathology, motor activity reduction, and the loss of 
of certain vital muscle functions.
The most popular disease that requires surgical intervention of such a plan is dysplastic coxarthrosis in the hip joint area.
By the way, this disease is progressing quite rapidly, and therefore requires immediate treatment to surgeons. It manifests itself at the age of 20-50 years, due to a decrease in activity in the lifestyle of a person.
In addition to this disease, there are a number of indications:
- complete or partial ankylosis( fusion of the ends of the joints);
- various kinds of deformation in similar places;
- a sharp loss of motor function;
- deforming osteoarthrosis of TZB for destruction of cartilaginous veins;
- tuberculosis of the joints;
- fractures, which are poorly fused inside the joints;
- some other pathological phenomena of articular regions.
Restrictions on surgical intervention
It is not always necessary to perform such an operation, there is a whole list of diseases in which arthroplasty is not recommended, or even prohibited.
Arthroplasty should not be used in cases of such diseases or conditions:
- if the patient is over 55 years old;
- if the patient has a young age( under 18 years);
- presence of various infectious diseases;
- the presence of autoimmune antibodies in the patient's body;
- when the human body is infected with tuberculosis;
- latent inflammatory processes due to any lesions;
- poor preservation of muscle mass.
Contraindications may vary depending on the degree of the problem and its subtleties. In any case, the attending physician will be able to accurately determine the need for the operation and confirm the authorization to conduct it.
Which joints are most commonly performed?
The operation is performed on amphiarthroses( inactive) and diarthrosis( fully mobile joints).
More specifically, arthroplasty in the field:
- of the hip joint;
- of the knee joint;
- of the shoulder joint;
- in the area of elbow joints.
These joints can move not only around the front axis, but also sagittal. That is, they can perform full circular motions around their axis.
Despite the fact that the shoulder joint is the most mobile in the human system, operations on it are rather rare, but difficult.
Based on the practice of surgeons, it is possible to highlight the hip and knee joints. It is on them most often performed arthroplasty.
The hip joint is always heavily loaded, due to its location and its power. Moreover, it can be said that it occupies the main functions among all other joints. It can perform all kinds of rotations, as well as flexing and extension, since it has a spherical shape and many axes.
Knee joint is considered one of the largest joints due to its complex structure. It is created immediately more, fibula and hip bone.
Plus, the complexity in the structure is made by two meniscus. It has a condylar shape and moves along the vertical and frontal trajectory. Performs bending, unbending and movement around the axis.
Hip joint intervention
Any arthroplasty is necessarily performed with local anesthesia. First of all, surgeons bare this joint, by removing soft tissues and open the capsule and separate it from the general mechanism.
After this, the head of the hip bone that is on the proximal epiphysis is displaced to the area of the open wound, limiting its 
mobility. If it is in a safe condition, it is necessary to put a seal in the form of a gasket.
To do this, use a semisynthetic, metallic material or other all kinds of composite to create it. Also, if necessary, caps or valves are made of this material.
At the junction of the pelvic and femur, there is an acetabulum. This hollow is the junction of these two bones.
After the head is placed in the place of the hole of this element, surgeons attach the muscles to the large spit. The final action of the procedure is the closure of the wound inflicted by the physicians.
For the purpose of postoperative prevention, doctors recommend installing either a corset on this area, or a tire, for the immobility of the affected area. After a month of immobility, it is necessary to begin the rehabilitation procedure.
Knee arthroplasty
Naturally, the process of knee joint surgery itself is somewhat different from simple pelvic plastic surgery. With resection arthroplasty, the introduction of the inside of the leg is higher by 15 centimeters from the joint gap, gradually descending to the knee itself.
This movement goes to the tibia, in the region of attachment of the quadriceps. After that, the doctors perform a triple incision on the tendon of the muscle.
The area of bone splitting of the hip and patella is divided and thus the path to the knee joint itself is freed. Separation of ligaments of the patella is carried out with the help of specialized surgical hooks. Further, there is a manual destruction of bone joints between the thigh and the large bone of the shin.
For the denudation of the joint and its gaps, the end bends in the knee. Now the replacement and processing of articular extremities occurs.
Usually, the medial bone of the lower leg is turned into a concave axis and the posterior part of the protrusions of the bone epiphysis is removed. Similarly, with the help of a medical saw, the posterior wall of the patella is removed, which afterwards is covered by a fatty layer.
Thereafter, between the large thigh bone, a specially made prosthesis is inserted. It is fixed with a capsule and with a shin bone, with the help of self-absorbing medical threads.
After the operation is completed, the wound is closed and the tire is placed.
There is an opinion of
We turned to a practicing surgeon and a professional athlete, who underwent arthroplasty and here are their thoughts.
Has done many such operations, and only once for its ten-year experience, it did not help the patient. And then, it was due to the development of severe trauma features. The patient suffered from ankylosis and lasted to the last. As a result, I went to the doctor at a time when the knee bones had gone wrong, and this caused a lot of accompanying pathologies.
Polotsky Alexey Fedorovich, surgeon
Two years ago the game injured his knee. Over time, the state only worsened. The leg completely stopped moving.
I went to the doctor, he recommended to do arthroplasty of the knee joint, and I am grateful to him for it. The operation is protracted, but very good, which is performed under anesthesia.
Returned to the old active life after 3 months of rehabilitation. Yes, I temporarily got out of the regime, but if I had not done the operation, I would have left the game forever.
Yaroslav Yakubovsky, professional basketball player
