- 1 Duodenal Regions
- 2 Structure of Body
1 The areas of the duodenum
The duodenum is located slightly above the navel. Anatomy of the organ determines 4 departments:
- Upper - originates from the sphincter, then leaves in a horizontal plane to the right and descends downwards around the second lumbar vertebra, creating an upper bend in the back of the abdominal cavity. The initial intestinal tract is classified as an onion( ampoule).The upper sphincter borders on the liver, the head of the pancreas.
- The descending part originates from the upper part in the region of 1 vertebrae( L-1) of the waist. Further, the descending zone is vertically lowered. The descending section in the region of the 3 vertebra of the waist ends, passing into the lower bend. Its size is 8-10 cm. The descending section borders on the head of the pancreas, the inferior vena cava and the right adrenal gland. In the anterior plane the department is covered with the peritoneum.
- The horizontal part of the intestine borders on the lower bend of the duodenum, then changes its direction horizontally to the left to the aorta, then rushes upward towards the ascending region. This zone is enveloped by the peritoneum in front and below. Its length is 6-8 cm. The zone of the horizontal part of the duodenum is closely in contact with the head of the pancreas, large vessels located in this area.
- The ascending part is the continuation of the horizontal body region of the organ. The length of this part of the intestinal tract often reaches 5-7 cm. It originates in the mesenteric arteries from the lower zone of the pancreas. It is located to the left of the vertebral column. The ascending branch ends in steep bends, passing into a twelve-peristomial-bending curve.
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It is fixed in the back cavity of the abdomen with the help of the peritoneum.
2 Structure of the body
The duodenum has several membranes: mucous, muscular and serous, which is a constituent of the peritoneum.
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Mucosa differs in only one layer of cylindrical and prismatic epithelium. Supports the epithelium connective and muscular plates. Mucous epithelium is separated from the second layer of loose fiber. The relief of the membrane is velvety. It is determined by circular and longitudinal folds. The latter occupy 50% of the circumference of the organ. In the lower region of the organ, a longitudinal fold along the medial site of the posterior wall passes through the longitudinal fold. It has a length of 11 cm. The fold ends with a peculiar tubercle( papilla).On it is the mouth of the bile duct, as well as the ducts of the pancreas.
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The muscularis is the thickest. The thickness of this element is 0.3-0.5 mm. It forms longitudinal and circular smooth muscles, consisting of muscle fibers. Circular muscles are more developed. They are arranged spirally. Between them a layer of connective tissue with vessels and nerve endings passes. The function of the muscular membrane is the movement of food.
The transportation of the nutrient mass can be carried out in two ways:
- pendulum;
- is peristaltic.
Serous membrane is the outer layer of the intestine. Each of its sides consists of a flat epithelium. Its cells give smoothness to the outer surface of the duodenum. Serous epithelium forms a mesentery.
The duodenum has a special morphology of the mucous membrane, which is resistant to the action of aggressive acids, digestive and other enzymes.
The longitudinal fold of the duodenum, like the organ itself, forms the upper fixed part of the small intestine. Often its size is 25-30 cm, the shape is horseshoe.
