Polyps in the rectum: symptoms, causes and treatment education

Polyps of the rectum - is the most common benign intestinal epithelial formations. This asymptomatic disease, which is able to cause a lot of trouble the human body if it is not timely diagnosed and treated.

rectal polyp formed during proliferation of glandular epithelium of the intestinal wall into its lumen. Rounded or pear-shaped formation, generally has a fine or broad base leg. They can be single or multiple.

Causes of

Trigger the development of polyps in the rectum are a variety of factors. The reasons for their formation a lot. Among them:

• heredity, which explains the disorder in children;
• hemorrhoids;
• intestinal infection (eg, dysentery);
• inflammation of the intestines (especially ulcerative colitis);
• anal fissures;
• diverticular disease;
• passive lifestyle;
• age;
• poor environmental situation;
• alcoholism;
• dyskinesia in the intestine;
• chronic constipation;
• digestive disorders;
• smoking;
• vascular disease;
• violation of the power and balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, the prevalence of animal foods in the diet.

The exact reasons that cause colon polyps, could not be established.

types of polyps

According to the classification of polyps may be:

1. adenomatous - appearing in the rectum against the background of failure during the normal upgrade epithelium under the influence of all sorts of reasons. Occurs uncontrolled division of epithelial cells, the growth of tumors with gradual colonies overlapping intestinal canal and trauma to the walls after each passage of feces mass. Adenomatous polyp is rapidly increasing in size, delivering patient discomfort and itching in the anal area. The major danger - a malignancy, a tumor or a degeneration of cancer, and acute intestinal obstruction requiring urgent removal, the operation with a further longer period rehabilitation.
2. villous polyps rounded pink-red color in the form of fluff with a velvety surface when growing from glandular tissue composed with papillae, similar to the fibers. They are prone to malignant transformation and tumor development secondary branching from the connective tissue of the coated layer of a plurality of columnar epithelium with goblet cells. First villous polyp stems from mucosal epithelium, increasing overlaps the intestinal lumen in size, when reaching 10-15 cm leads to discharge of viscous secretions of mucous, similar to chicken protein on a background of mucus production in large quantities, thereby provoking loose stools with mucus and blood. The patient has a constant feeling of pressure in the rectum, frequent constipation, bowel obstruction, overlapping lumen. Villous polyps can recognize only during the digital examination. Typically, this neoplasm gelatinous consistency of loose tissue.
3. scirrhous - with growth of connective epithelial tissue and its replacement by fibrous and pathological. Polyps tend to move into the malignant form, the development of the inflammatory process. Typically, this false polyp, topped with a layer of normal epithelium, but with a tendency to degenerate in cancer, anal papilla hypertrophy, formation of fibrotic polyps in a pyriform build-up.

This classification is conditional polyps. Virtually every type of polyp prone to malignancy and abilities over time lead to colon cancer.

Signs and photos

In the first phase of clinical manifestations of the disease may be absent. However, it may be suspected on the basis of itching and discomfort to the anus area. Specific symptoms indicating the presence of polyps in the rectum, is not isolated.

However, it is necessary to consult a doctor with the appearance of such symptoms:

1. Soreness of the lower abdomen. The pains are never companions young polyps, negative feelings occur as the disease progresses. Painful reaction - a response to a direct receptor and large intestines to the existing congestion. The more new growth, the narrower the lumen of the intestine, resulting in fecal output naturally very difficult. The sick person suffers from regular long constipation. The constant presence of feces in the intestine stretches its hinges, which in turn causes pain. In addition, pain in the abdomen can be triggered by power flatulence.
2. A sense of discomfort and feeling of a foreign body in the anus. Most often it is this symptom indicates the presence of formation in the rectum. These feelings arise in response to the pressure of the tumor on the opposite wall of the intestine. However, it expressed discomfort appears only when the outgrowth reaches a large size. The patient does not experience the feeling of a foreign object on an ongoing basis. Uncomfortable feeling occurs periodically and is cramping in nature. In addition, the discomfort may occur in the pubic area or to the side. If pathology has progressed, the pain can be confusing for a person constantly, they change their character and become arching.
3. The presence of mucus content and blood in the stool. Blood, which is released from the anus and can be seen with the naked eye - is a terrible symptom. He often testifies to damage of the blood vessels of the submucosal layer of the rectum. In addition, blood can signal jamming polyp or its necrosis. To detect the blood, it is necessary to look at the stool, it is most commonly located on the surface and takes the form of red streaks. Slime - a constant companion of polyps in the intestine. The fact that education have enhanced excretory function. Normally, mucus is needed to lubricate the rectum, which makes the passage of stool through it more comfortable. However polyp irritates bowel wall and additionally stimulates the secretory glands. When mucus accumulates in the anal sinuses and stays there for a long time, it can cause infection. In this case, the patient after a prolonged constipation stool will stand together with mucous and even purulent contents.
4. Violation of the chair, which manifests itself in diarrhea or constipation. This feature is an early manifestation of polyps. Most patients suffer from constipation, which arise due to mechanical obstruction of the polyp. If in the early stages of constipation may alternate with diarrhea, the more it becomes a polyp, the less there is diarrhea. The chair can occur no more frequently than twice a week. The duration of his absence depends on the number of existing polyps. It often happens that it is a long delay chair forcing people to come for a consultation with the doctor.

Symptomatology cancer process in nadampulyarnom department much more sparse. It is all about the same pains, weak, aching nature, changing the shape of the chair, bleeding. Bleeding nadapmulyarnom arrangement more like similar in cancer. For this reason, you need to conduct an urgent diagnostic procedures.

Symptoms of colon polyps are not so numerous. Important time to take the necessary diagnostic and therapeutic action.

Diagnostics

In addition to the clinical picture, which is often lacking, polyps should be distinguished from other intestinal diseases, in particular cancer and hemorrhoids. For differential diagnosis, and establishing the size, location and type of polyp using such methods:

1. Sigmoidoscopy. The essence of the study is to introduce into the rectum of an endoscope (a thin tube with a flashlight and a camera). With the help of this machine technician can personally assess the condition of the rectum to hold the fence fabric and remove polyps.
2. Colonoscopy. Is designated as the differential diagnosis action when there is a suspicion of colon cancer in a lying above the sections (sigmoid colon, etc.). It is all the same insertion of the probe, with the only exception that assesses the state of the entire colon.
3. bowel radiography. To her resorted relatively rare because it requires significant effort and from the doctor and to the patient.

From laboratory tests appointed by fecal occult blood. Hidden blood - an important indicator of serious problems with the intestines. It is most commonly found in malignant process. Also, do not dispense with the histological and morphological analysis of the cells in the biopsy.

complications

The list of complications of colon polyps is quite extensive. It is, above all, the malignant degeneration of tumors and inflammatory diseases, which are related to the area of ​​the rectum.

No less a person rarely faced with such consequences, such as cracks in the rectum or abscess.

In this regard, experts point out that in any case should not proceed with the recovery process and how to appeal to the proctologist soon as possible. Otherwise, in the absence of inflammation, malignancy formations patient will complain about the total and rapidly progressive worsening state of health, the work of the entire system problems GIT.

The key to the preservation of optimum health and maximum degree of life is not only timely treatment, but also the adoption of the correct preventive measures.

How to treat?

Conservative therapy for the treatment of colon polyps is not applicable, since no one drug is not conducive to the full or partial regression of these formations. Certain medicines may help eliminate symptoms temporarily and assigned to relieve the patient's condition, e.g., antispasmodics.

Traditional medicine offers a treat polyps candles on the basis of hemlock or enemas with celandine, based on the fact that these plants have anti-tumor properties. But, firstly, this therapy can not be performed without a doctor's supervision, and secondly, the funds can only retard growth polypous formations.

Methods for removing polyps in the rectum

There are two types of operations to remove pathological formations: minimally invasive procedures, when polyps are removed, preserving the body, and resection of the rectum.

1. Electrocoagulation. The procedure is performed through the proctoscope and cauterization subjected to small single polyps and polyps wide basis expressed on stem. Electrocoagulation do with large polyps in the vast grounds and villous tumors as high risk of perforation of the intestine wall.
2. Endokopicheskoe intervention. The tumor was removed with the help of a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. The operation is performed on an outpatient basis. Before the procedure, the patient should be a few days to adhere to a strict diet to reduce inflammation.
3. Resection of the rectum. Is performed under general anesthesia during the operation is removed lesion of the rectum. Intervention of this kind is necessary when the detected tumors malignancy and there is a risk of metastasis. If a patient is found diffuse polyposis, it is necessary to remove the rectum completely, forming a colostomy, through which will go waste.
4. Transanal excision. Access to the polyps is through a proctoscope and is executed when the formation is disposed in the gut at a height of more than 7 cm from the anus. This method removes large villous polyps. They dissected using electrocautery or ultrasonic scalpel. Operation is performed in a hospital, with the use of anesthesia.

Rehabilitation after surgery

For complete recovery of the patient after an operation for removal of polyps in the gut it requires at least two weeks.

• The greatest danger is the risk of bleeding, so throughout the rehabilitation period the patient should refrain from significant physical stress, give up driving and managing large technology.
• Patients undergoing abdominal surgery, bed rest is appointed. To prevent blood stagnation, experts recommend them to perform complex specially designed exercise.
• In order to protect the intestinal mucosa from mechanical damage and injury stool, during the week should be observed sparing diet conducive stool softening. Should eat at least five times a day. Portions should be small, and the products must not contain coarse plant fibers. All accepted food should be cooked and pureed cooking method, roasting or steaming.

food rules

The initial phase of the diet lasts 2 - 3 days after surgery. The first day is prohibited to eat or drink inside. Patient support carried by entering nutritional composition through a vein. After 24 hours, allowed fluid intake a limited amount (less than 50 milliliters at a time).

Dishes that can be consumed at the initial stage of the diet are:

• vegetable broth;
• fruit compote of unsweetened fruit;
• broth hips;
• weak broth;
• pudding or jelly;
• congee (rice if previously did not cause constipation).

The aim of the first phase of the diet is to reduce the motor activity and secretory function of the intestine. This is necessary in order to prevent the production of bile and digestive enzymes, which can have a detrimental effect on the seams or the affected bowel tissue.

In the normal state of health of a patient with a 3 day diet allowed extension. The menu may be administered gruels, souffle of lean meat, boiled eggs (no more than one unit per day), mucous soups based on meat or vegetable broth. For the preparation of porridges and soups is recommended to use wheat, rice and oats. When entering a new product in the diet is necessary to monitor the patient's condition. If after consuming any food there is pain, nausea or bloating, you should give it up.

In the absence of contraindications after 10 - 14 days the patient discharged from hospital and transferred to a sparing diet. Dieting is recommended that in the next 3 - 4 months. Regardless of the nature of the surgical intervention, patients should follow certain rules when selecting and preparing food.

Rules diet after surgery for colon polyps include:

1. Adherence. When the use of food at certain times of enzymes digesting food begins to produce, before the patient begins to eat. This facilitates the process of digestion of food and reduces the load on the intestine.
2. Reduced mechanical irritation. Food to not injure the rectum, it is necessary to avoid too solid products. To do so, abandon frying and give preference to cooked or baked foods.
3. Fractional power. You must eat food in small doses, for 6 - 7 times a day. This will reduce the mechanical stress on the gastrointestinal tract and improve intestinal motility.
4. Waiver of fatty foods. Excessive intake of fat causes the excess production of bile, making it difficult to restore the rectum.
5. fermentation warning. Fermentation processes in the gut can cause the development of peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum). To avoid this, it is necessary to exclude from the diet of legumes power in any form. You should also limit the consumption of nuts, mushrooms and asparagus.
6. The use of protein products. For a quick recovery of damaged tissues of the body needs protein. It contains this substance in lean meat, chicken eggs, dairy products.
7. Reduction of chemical irritation. Irritation of chemical type to the rectal mucosa have all the salty, sour, spicy dishes.
8. Adequate fluid intake. For the prevention of constipation patient should consume about 3 liters of fluid per day. To this end, in addition to a diet of tea and other beverages first courses should be included daily.

A key recommendation of nutrition in the rehabilitation period is the compilation of a full and varied diet. Despite the limitations, along with the food the patient must receive all necessary substances for recovery. Power must ensure the normal intestinal peristalsis, to the chair was a regular. In addition, diets objectives are protection dysbacteriosis and prevention the recurrence of polyps in the intestine.