Kidney stones: symptoms, treatment, causes of stone formation

Kidney stones - a kind of kidney stone disease, diagnosed, roughly, three percent of the world's population. Men, according to statistics, are more susceptible to disease, but it is in women is most common complex form of urolithiasis (coral concretions).

How do you know that kidney stones in women, what are the symptoms (except the pain accompanying output) and signs that the stone out of the kidney? Do's and don'ts in urolithiasis? Try to understand the article.

Causes of

Salt in a healthy body should be completely excreted in the urine. If there is one or another failure - for example, associated with metabolic disorders, - its crystals begin to stick to each other, taking fanciful shapes and sizes. Considered large by 5 mm or more.

As a rule, about having a disease, its causes and treatment need not think as far as the crystal retains a fixed position. When it comes to traffic, there is a sharp pain.

The most likely cause of renal structures include:

• geography - the hot climate, inadequate intake of water or too hard water;
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• various pathological urogenital system, congenital anomalies, which become a cause of urinary tract narrowing, due to which the flow of urine is difficult;
• vitamin balance disorders, lack of ultraviolet radiation, poor diet.
• deviations in okoloschitovyh glands causing violation of calcium metabolism;
• various diseases - pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, renal ptosis, bladder inflammation, adenoma of prostate, prostate;
• sedentary work.

Often, kidney stones have a different nature, but more than half of their composition is mixed. They are often in the bladder or ureter. Much is determined by supply and age factor nature.

Types of kidney stones

Determine how to split the stones from the kidney and successfully bring them can be when there is understanding what types of crystals encountered.

Kidney stones may be of types:

1. Phosphate calcium - gray and much softer, arise due to metabolic disturbances and displacements in the alkaline side, can serve as an indicator of the appearance of loose flakes in the urine.
2. Calcium oxalate - dark or black, have spikes on the surface, and therefore when driving causes severe pain, usually eliminated with surgery arise from an excess of oxalic acid (not to be carried away by the use of large amounts of beet juice, carrot, vitamin FROM).
3. Protein - usually appear due to genetic abnormalities, medications cured, folk medicine and surgery (depending upon the severity of the disease).
4. Struvite - arise from the occurrence of the bacteria in the body, most likely to form in women at high formations folk remedies and medicines can not help and will require ultrasonic crushing or operational intervention.
5. Urate - can only be detected via urine tests, frequently occur due to dehydration, diet with stones kidney would then include a large amount of water (can add lingonberry or cranberry juices).

In pregnancy, the treatment should be carried out very carefully and only after consulting your doctor. Traditional methods can be used under someone's supervision only in that situation, if the specialist admitted their use.

Signs and photos

In itself, the presence of uroliths in the urinary system does not manifest itself. Symptoms of kidney stones in women and men arise when the concretions are beginning to disrupt the flow of urine. In this case, there is pain - the main symptom of the disease (see. Photo).

Pain in the localization of uroliths in the kidney is of two types:

1. An acute attack of intense pain - renal colic. There is a sudden blockage ureteral stone. Localized in the right or left side (on the affected side, left or right kidney), can be accompanied by symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.
2. With incomplete obstruction of the urinary tract pain is not very strong, though it is a constant, aching or cramping.

calculus of urinary tract movement causes injury to their walls, causing blood in the urine can appear. bleeding intensity is different. From individual red blood cells, detectable only under a microscope, to considerable blood impurities visible to the naked eye (gross hematuria).

Do not forget that the violation of the passage of urine can cause infection in the kidney. By the way, the presence of stones almost always leads to chronic bacterial inflammation, in which case the symptoms obscheinfektsionnye added to the pain syndrome:

• increased body temperature
• chills
• weakness
• headache, etc.

ICD clinic does not depend on gender, so the symptoms of kidney stones in men and women do not differ.

Diagnosis of kidney stones

Recognition of kidney stones is based on history, the typical pattern of renal colic, laboratory and instrumental imaging research.

The leading method of detection of kidney stones is the X-ray diagnostics. Most of the stones have already defined at the Review urography. However, protein and uric acid (urate) kidney stones are not delayed rays and give no shadows on plain urograms. They have to be identified by using excretory urography and pyelography. In addition, excretory urography provides information on the morphological and functional changes in the kidney and urinary tract calculi localization (pelvis, calyx, ureter), the shape and size of stones in kidneys. If necessary urological examination supplemented nefrostsintigrafiey radioisotope, MRI or CT kidneys.

At the height of renal colic is defined by a sharp pain on the side of the affected kidney, positive symptom Pasternatskogo, tenderness to palpation corresponding kidney and ureter. Examination of urine after attack reveals the presence of fresh erythrocytes, leukocytes, protein, salts, bacteria. Biochemical urine and blood to a certain extent gives an indication of the composition and causes the formation of kidney stones.

Right-renal colic must be differentiated from appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, therefore the execution abdominal ultrasound may be required. Using ultrasound kidneys evaluated anatomical body changes, the presence, location and movement of the stones.

complications

Possible consequences of the presence of kidney stones:

hydronephrosis	prolonged partial obstruction of ureteral stone leads to chronic hyperinflation of the renal pelvis, which in turn causes atrophy of the kidney tissue. As a result of the kidney, in fact, it dies, turning into the urine bag (see. kidney hydronephrosis).
Infections of the urinary system	acute and chronic pyelonephritis, suppuration retroperitoneum (adipose tissue which are kidney), urosepsis and others.
Chronic renal failure	caused increase of urine stones in the urinary tract pressure, combined with chronic infection causes destruction of the filtering apparatus of the kidneys and sclerosis of its tissues. As a result, the kidneys are no longer cope with its functions, until the complete cessation of urine formation.

How to treat kidney stones?

The women's and men's treatment of urolithiasis involves the use of two opposite effects on the mechanism of techniques:

• conservative treatment;
• surgery.

Typically, conservative therapy is used only in the case where the anticalculus have minor dimensions. Apply medication drugs that promote dissolution of stones and remove them from the body.

Today, for the treatment of kidney stones using a tablet breaking stones, here's a list of the most popular products:

1. "Extract madder" A lot of patients are satisfied. It acts on the phosphate rocks. After its use is marked redness of the urine, the blood is not necessary to be afraid, it's just so natural dye manifests itself.
2. With oxalate and urate fighting "Asparkamom". In general, it is the main purpose of heart, so willfully not worth it.
3. A place of honor for the treatment of urolithiasis given "tsiston". Tablets in no way affect the acid-base balance of the urine, hence such versatility.

All the preparations have diuretic, antibacterial and antispasmodic action. Freely sold in the pharmacy network. Despite this, use drugs can be only after consultation with your doctor and certain diagnostic procedures.

The surgery is performed in cases where medical therapy did not produce results. A few decades ago, surgical treatment involves holding an open operation, during which removes not only the stone but also affected organ. Such intervention has been very traumatic, threatened with serious complications.

Folk recipes help bring stones from the kidneys

Each recipe using natural drugs designed for certain stone formation. Without diagnosis it is better not to self-medicate.

1. Rowan red. Syrup from ripe fruit of rowan - proven diuretic and mild laxative for rheumatism, stones in the bladder and the kidney, the body providing the maximum amount of biologically substances. The washed fruit pass through the juicer (2 kg), after which boil at low heat for about 10-17 minutes with 1.2 kg of sugar. The consistency should resemble a syrup medication. Receiving 15 ml four times daily.
2. Juice therapy. 2-3 times a day by half drink cups of hot water with the addition of lemon juice one medium. Simultaneously with this drink consumed half a glass of fresh juice mixture carrot, cucumber and beet, taken in equal proportions. The course of treatment carried out under the supervision of a physician. The duration of therapy depends on the size and location of concrements location.
3. Watermelon rinds. For the treatment is suitable only raw materials of the watermelons grown in their own garden, as for the cultivation fruits for sale used large amounts of nitrates, accumulating most of it in the skin of grapes. Dried in an oven Electric driers or pre-cut into pieces of watermelon peel pour water (1: 1) was heated at low heat for about a half hour, filtered, and take a glass of 3 to 5 times a day before food.

Before the use of traditional treatments should be familiar with contraindications. Do not self after reading other people's reviews on the Internet, since many nuances, which can handle only a doctor can arise with nephrolithiasis.

food rules

Diet for kidney stones - the main method of treatment of patients with urolithiasis, including after surgery. First of all it is necessary to pay attention to drinking regime. The amount of fluid consumed daily by the patient, there should be at least 2 liters (8 to 10 glasses). Be sure to drink a glass of water before going to bed.

Diet should be selected in accordance with the composition of the stones:

Oksalantnye	limit consumption of spinach, potatoes, sorrel, lettuce, milk and oranges;
calcium	reducing consumption of calcium products: milk, cheese, yoghurt, etc .;.
phosphate	completely eliminate dairy products, limit the intake of fruits and vegetables due to the increase of meat and fish dishes and vegetable oils;
urate	to minimize the consumption of meat and fish broths, vegetable fats, offal.

Careful attention to their health will help in time to detect signs of kidney stones, urolithiasis recognize and take measures for the removal of stones from the body.

How does the fragmentation of kidney stones?

To date, the main focus of the treatment of nephrolithiasis is crushing and removal of kidney stones. This applies stones that are larger than 5 mm.

1. Laser fragmentation - is the most modern and most secure method that is used in the presence of kidney stones of various sizes. During the procedure used nephroscope inserted through the urethra. Through it is fed to the kidney laser fiber is converted into concrements fragments whose sizes do not exceed 0.2 mm. Next, sand freely displayed in the urine. It should be noted that it is minimally invasive, absolutely painless procedure that can be used even when you remove staghorn stones.
2. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Remote impact on the calculus of shock-wave method involves the use of a special machine (lithotripter). Depending on the device or ultrasonic modifications powerful electromagnetic wave seamlessly and painlessly overcome the soft tissue and has a crushing effect on the solid foreign body. Initially stone is broken up into smaller fractions and then freely withdrawn from the body.
3. Percutaneous contact nephrolitholapaxy. This technique provides for crushing and extraction of a kidney stone using nephroscope is used if the formation dimensions exceed 1.5 cm. When the operation is performed in the lumbar puncture move (cut, not exceeding 1 cm in diameter), leading to the lower segment of the kidney. Through it entered nephroscope and miniature surgical tools used for crushing and extraction of stones.
4. Transurethral uretrorenoskopiya. The urological practice this technique is used when removing concrements of small size, localized in the kidney, ureter, bladder or urethra. The procedure is done on an outpatient basis, ie. E does not require hospitalization. Crushed stone or displayed using urethroscope introduced into the ureter, or nephroscope injected directly into the kidney. It should be noted that it is quite traumatic procedure that requires a urologist professionalism and great experience.

It is worth remembering that these techniques do not eliminate the reasons which provoked the formation of stones, and so their removal is possible after re-stone formation.

Open cavitary removing concrements

Open cavitary removing concrements (Nephrolithotomy) applies only in 3% of patients. The operation is carried out forced and when other methods do not bring benefits. Open manipulations are carried out when the patient discovered anomalies pyelocaliceal system to be overcome. At the same time during the procedure eliminated the stones.

1. Urate urolithiasis - the most common type of all types of kidney stones. His treatment is conservative and operative methods carried out in all countries of the world, so the principles of treatment of the disease carefully worked out.
2. Citrate treatment - innovation. It shows the high efficiency in urate, which in size do not exceed 1.5 cm.

Current minimally invasive procedures are used when calculi from 1.5 to 2.5 cm when conservative methods do not yield positive results.

In any situation, the choice of tactics treatment of the disease should be engaged in a qualified technician. Only he will be able to diagnose disease and to select the optimal treatment strategy.

Prevention of kidney stones

Simple preventive measures can help prevent stones:

• If you drink bottled water, carefully read the label. Make sure that it does not contain calcium or other ingredients that can be harmful.
• Limit coffee, tea and cola to 1 or 2 cups a day. Caffeine can cause you to lose body fluids very quickly.

If you have a history of kidney stones, drink plenty of fluids (6 - 8 glasses of water per day) to produce enough urine. Depending on the type of stone, you may need medication or dietary changes to prevent the re-formation of stones. It is desirable to have a bright urine. Dark yellow urine color is a sign that you do not drink enough.

Forecast

Kidney stones are painful, but usually can be removed from the body, without causing irreversible damage.

Kidney stones often occur again, especially if the cause can not be found and failed to carry out adequate treatment.

If the treatment takes place with a considerable delay, there may be damage to the kidneys or other serious complications.