Measles vaccine. Where do adults, children, when, calendar, name, reaction, complications, contraindications, consequences

A timely vaccination against measles is the best preventive measure that can protect a person from a serious infectious disease. Measles is extremely dangerous for both children and adults. You can get infected by airborne droplets upon contact with a carrier of this infection. Often the patient does not even know that he is sick, since the incubation period lasts 14 days.

The first stage of the disease can be confused with the common flu or ARVI. The patient's temperature rises, the development of conjunctivitis is possible. After 1-2 days, swelling of the face appears, small spots on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Only on day 3 does a rash begin to appear.

To reduce the risk of infection, a special vaccination is used, which is given to both children and adults, but even if all indications and contraindications are observed, the development of complications is possible.

The danger of measles for children, adults

The measles vaccine, given to children as young as 9 months old, helps reduce the risk of contracting a dangerous infection. The insidiousness of this disease is that it can to sharply reduce the protective functions of the patient's immunity, provoking the development of serious complications:

• Otitis.
• Hepatitis.
• Pneumonia.
• Keratitis.
• Eustachite.
• Sinusitis.
• Bronchitis.
• Meningitis.
• Meningoencephalitis.

If you do not fight the infection, then the disease can lead to unpredictable consequences. The most dangerous is meningoencephalitis, which affects the patient's nervous system.

The development of encephalitis is fraught with death in every 4th case. Getting vaccinated on time is the only proven way to prevent measles. Vaccination helps reduce the risk of contracting a dangerous infection in childhood and also in adulthood.

The need and effect of vaccines

The measles vaccine, which is given not only to children, but also to adults, helps to develop immunity against this infection for 20 years. But when a child turns 6 years old, there is a need for revaccination, since many children are insensitive to the virus that was introduced to them at the age of one.

Some children may have weakened immunity against measles, which is why pediatricians recommend to be vaccinated 2 times for more reliable protection of the growing body.

At the age of 15-17, adolescents are given 3 vaccinations, which belongs to the category of multicomponent vaccines. This is due to the fact that before the onset of childbearing age, young men and women need high-quality protection against mumps. and rubella, and the measles component that is part of the vaccine simply enhances the already formed in the body protection.

What drugs are used?

On the territory of Russia, several varieties of measles vaccines are used at once. All of them are divided into combined vaccines, which help to protect the patient's body from measles and other dangerous viruses at the same time, as well as monovaccines designed only to fight measles.

Multicomponent vaccines that help protect the body from mumps, measles and rubella, citizens can buy on their own in vaccination centers or pharmacies. Russian-made measles vaccinations are available even in ordinary clinics.

Citizens should remember that single-component vaccines can only be injected into the scapula or shoulder, but multi-component vaccines are also allowed to be administered intramuscularly.

Each person has the right to independently choose a medicine for himself and his child. But if we are talking about multicomponent drugs that are not provided for by the Ministry of Health, then patients will have to buy them on their own.

Vaccine name	Peculiarities
Live measles vaccine (LIV)	This is a domestically produced drug that begins to act as early as 28 days after the vaccine is administered. For the next 18 years, a person may not worry about contracting a dangerous infection. ZhKV is prohibited to use in case of exacerbation of chronic pathologies, oncological diseases, HIV, acute viral and bacterial infections, as well as in the presence of an allergic reaction to components drug. This vaccine cannot be combined with sera and immunoglobulin.
"MMP-II"	American-made measles, rubella and mumps vaccine. The vaccine can be administered simultaneously with ADS and DTP, as well as with the vaccine against chickenpox and poliomyelitis (for each injection, use a different part of the body). "MMP-II" is prohibited to use during pregnancy, in the presence of HIV, exacerbation of chronic pathologies, as well as in the presence of allergies to chicken eggs and neomycin.
Ruwax	A sought-after French-made monovaccine that helps prevent measles infection as early as 14 days after drug administration. The effect of the vaccine lasts for 20 years. This vaccine is recommended to be used to vaccinate infants when the epidemiological situation has worsened.
Mumps-measles vaccine	This is a two-component drug of domestic production, which is distinguished by its effectiveness and good tolerance. The vaccine should not be used during pregnancy and lactation, in the presence of cancer, anaphylactic shock and allergies.
"Priorix"	The vaccine is aimed at combating measles, rubella and mumps. The drug undergoes a multilevel purification, due to which the response of the patient's body to the components of the vaccination is less pronounced. Contraindications for the use of the Priorix vaccine are the same as for MMP-II, but in addition to all this, this drug should not be used for acute stomach diseases and contact dermatitis.
Measles-rubella vaccine	Russian vaccine, which is recommended to be combined with a monovaccine containing missing component in order to achieve full body protection against common viral infections.

Each patient should remember that the vaccine can only be administered by a doctor who will assess the patient's condition and exclude the likelihood of adverse reactions. Otherwise, the vaccine can provoke serious complications.

Which vaccine is best?

With a different composition of each of the vaccines, they all showed high efficiency in the fight against measles. But there is a significant difference between the vaccinations being implemented: Russian vaccines are made on the basis of quail eggs, and foreign preparations may contain chicken eggs.

If you have an individual intolerance to one of these components, you should opt for a different vaccine.

Foreign-made drugs are distinguished by their multicomponent composition, which is why they help to cope with three infections at once - mumps, measles and rubella. When using domestic vaccines, vaccinations must be done 2-3 times. But in local clinics, citizens can get only the Russian vaccine for free, but imported drugs will have to be bought on their own.

Vaccination of children according to the vaccination schedule

Every child should be vaccinated against measles according to the current immunization schedule, as only in this case, you can reduce the likelihood of developing various pathologies, as well as other serious consequences infection. The minimum age for a child to be given a measles vaccine is 9 months, because until that time the baby is protected by maternal antibodies.

Even so, only 91% of children develop measles immunity. If you introduce a similar vaccine to a child at 1 year old, then the probability of the formation of immunity reaches 99%.

Pediatricians recommend getting the first measles vaccine for a child at 1 year old. But in regions with a severe epidemiological situation, vaccination should be carried out at 9 months.

Re-vaccination against measles is administered at 15-18 months. In developed countries with a good epidemiological situation, the first measles vaccine is administered at 1 year, but revaccination is carried out at 6 years. This vaccination scheme has helped to eradicate outbreaks of dangerous infections in many regions.

Vaccination of adults

The adult population should be vaccinated against measles with the planned introduction of a multicomponent vaccinations, as well as in the case of emergency travel outside the country, where the unstable epidemiological situation.

Measles vaccination will also be needed in case of contact with sick people, if the person has not been previously vaccinated. Vaccination can be used even 3 days after contact with an infected person. But in the case of a trip to another country, the vaccination should be done at least 30 days before departure.

Measles vaccine and pregnancy

Measles infection is extremely dangerous for pregnant women, as it can provoke the development of heart defects in the fetus or spontaneous abortion. The vaccine is forbidden to use during pregnancy due to the content of live viruses. A woman should take care of her safety even before planning a pregnancy and get the necessary vaccinations.

Contraindications to measles vaccination

Measles vaccination has a number of contraindications that should be studied in advance. Vaccination against a dangerous infection is prohibited for those patients who have the following diseases and conditions were diagnosed:

• Individual intolerance to certain types of antibiotics.
• The presence of diseases in an acute form. Vaccination cannot be carried out in case of viral or bacterial pathology, which is accompanied by a high temperature. But the presence of a runny nose and sore throat do not belong to the category of contraindications.
• Allergic reaction to chicken protein. In laboratory conditions, scientists have proven that the components of the vaccine are similar to chicken protein, which can cause an allergy to the vaccine.
• Decreased protective functions of immunity and immunodeficiency. Patients diagnosed with AIDS and HIV are not vaccinated against measles, as vaccination can lead to death.
• Serious disorders in the functioning of the kidneys and liver.

Before vaccination, the patient should undergo a medical examination and consult with the attending physician to eliminate the risk of adverse reactions and deterioration of well-being.

What area is injected into?

When choosing the injection site, the age of the patient and the characteristics of his physique are taken into account.

For children, only intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of the drug is available to one of the following zones:

• Hip.
• The outer part of the shoulder is at the border of the upper and middle third. This is the most preferred site for the vaccine, but due to insufficient muscle tissue in some children, it is not always possible to inject the drug into this area.
• The area "under the shoulder blade".

If the child is 1 year old, then the vaccine is injected into the thigh or shoulder, and at 6 years old - into the scapula or shoulder. Immunity will be formed within 2-4 weeks. The introduction of the drug into the gluteal region is unacceptable, due to the large amount of adipose tissue in this part of the body. The vaccine should not come into contact with the skin, as this will negatively affect the effectiveness of the vaccine.

The drug is administered in a volume of 0.5 ml using a new disposable syringe. At the final stage, the doctor records data on the date of injection, dosage, number and batch, and also indicates the patient's response to the vaccination.

In adult patients, the vaccine should be injected into the upper arm at the border of the upper and middle third (from the outside). 2 doses of the drug are used with an interval of 6 months. After injection, the patient may experience pain on palpation at the injection site. A small lump may form at the injection site.

How to care for your injection site

The measles vaccine, which is given to reduce the likelihood of infection in adults and children, is not a vaccine that can cause severe local skin reactions. In isolated cases, a slight swelling and redness may occur in the area of ​​administration of the drug, which pass on their own.

Pediatricians and therapists recommend adhering to the following guidelines:

• The injection area cannot be treated with iodine, brilliant green or any other alcohol-containing agent.
• On the day of vaccination, you cannot take a bath or swim in the pool. It is better to take a shower, having previously sealed the injection site with adhesive plaster, so as not to accidentally injure the skin with a washcloth.
• It is forbidden to make absorbable compresses.

If the child is combing the injection site, then a gauze bandage can be used.

Possible vaccine reactions

In most cases, the components of the measles vaccine are well tolerated by patients.

In isolated situations, the following reactions to vaccination may occur:

• Decreased appetite.
• Swelling and redness of the skin at the injection site.
• Skin rashes.
• Catarrhal phenomena.

The symptoms described can appear to varying degrees, but they all disappear within 16 days after the vaccine is administered.

How long does immunization work?

The minimum duration of a measles vaccination is 12 years. If the patient has been vaccinated 2 times, then the protection against a dangerous infection can be increased up to 25 years. The main goal of immunization is to protect preschoolers from measles, in whom the disease is particularly severe. Adult patients can use the vaccine once every 10-15 years.

Can I get sick after vaccination?

In isolated cases, the measles vaccine does not help build immunity against this infection, which can result in a person becoming infected with the vaccine. This phenomenon in medical practice is called vaccine immunity failure.

How many measles vaccinations do you need in a lifetime?

The optimal amount of measles vaccines over a lifetime depends on the age at which the person was first vaccinated. If the first injection was given at 9 months, then 4 to 5 vaccines will be needed: 9 months, 15 months, 6 years, 16 years, 30 years. If the vaccine was given at 1 year, then the number of all subsequent injections should be reduced by 1.

If the vaccination failed at 1 year, then you need to try to administer the drug as early as possible (at 2-4 years). When a child is given the first measles vaccine at the age of 6, the doctor must use a double dose of the medicine with an interval of 1-6 months.

Author: Dorogokup Daria

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