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Humanistic psychology is short and clear. Representatives, presentation

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Content

  1. What is humanistic psychology in simple words
  2. What does humanistic psychology study
  3. The main provisions and tasks of science
  4. Founders and followers of the direction
  5. The history of the formation and development of science
  6. The development of science at the present time
  7. Basic principles and research methods
  8. Methods and directions
  9. Sensual methods
  10. Bodily methods
  11. Spiritual methods
  12. Thinking methods
  13. Concepts of humanistic psychology. Bases
  14. The real self
  15. Sub-personalities
  16. Abundance motivation
  17. Pros and cons of the humanistic direction. Weighing the pros and cons
  18. Practical use. Levers and keys
  19. Video about humanistic psychology

The field of psychology includes disciplines with a different approach that have emerged over the centuries of scientific development. One of them is humanistic direction, which arose at the dawn of the 60s in the United States as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism, which held dominant positions at that time. A concise and understandable explanation of the humanistic approach is to work with the emotional, creative and moral aspects of a person.

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At the same time, the individual is viewed as a complex and unique system with variable behavior endowed with free will. This contradicts the views of the adherents of behaviorism and psychoanalysis, who generalize the interpretation of human behavior by impulses of the unconscious and equating the reflexes of humans with animals.

What is humanistic psychology in simple words

Humanistic psychology, succinctly and clearly characterized as focused on characteristics and aspirations human personality, describes it as a unique structure, whose exclusive property is self-actualization. According to this discipline, a person independently creates himself throughout his entire existence, which is why he cannot be considered complete at any particular moment in time.

This branch of psychology is also called the 3rd force in relation to psychoanalysis and behaviorism.

Humanistic psychology is short and clear. RepresentativesShe works with sublime manifestations of personality, which include:

  • autonomy;
  • freedom;
  • self-realization;
  • moral principles;
  • creation;
  • personal growth;
  • love;
  • responsibility;
  • meaning of life;
  • sound thinking;
  • communication.

What does humanistic psychology study

This scientific direction, one of the subspecies of which is popular positive psychology, defines people as active independent subjects. According to this teaching, they differ from each other due to unique sets of qualities that, ensuring human individuality, integrity and freedom of choice, do not interfere with existence society.

Humanistic psychology has a specific research process, one of the main differences of which is an individual approach. It can be briefly described as a scientific work in which attention is paid to the aspects of a person that ensure his uniqueness. For a superficial understanding of therapy, it is enough to understand that one of its main tasks is to overcome possible alienation due to the divergence of these aspects and norms of society.

Supporters of the humanistic direction describe a person as an individual who makes a choice on his own, in accordance with his personal principles and assessment of the situation, and not as a result of receiving external impulses.

Humanistic psychology is short and clear. Representatives
Humanistic psychology

The main subjects of research are:

  • stages of personality degradation;
  • mental health and harmony;
  • the need for a sense of security;
  • basic physical and social needs;
  • stages of development and success;
  • self-esteem;
  • endowing life with meaning;
  • self-incarnation.

The main provisions and tasks of science

The main theses of this direction of mental health care were drawn up in 1963. by the doctor of philosophy and psychotherapist James Bujenthal, who at that time held the post of the first President of the AHP - Association for Humanistic Psychology (in the original AHP - Association for Humanistic Psychology).

The postulates formulated by him and individual statements of his colleagues to this day remain relevant and are key for this branch of psychology:

  • You cannot describe a person by examining only his particular functions. The individual must be studied completely, since he, being an integral being, exceeds the totality of the components of his personality.
  • Human life is an indivisible course of his being and becoming.
  • Humans are creative and active creatures who can shape intention, think and act on it. It is important for them to be significant, to represent value, authority, and to express themselves creatively.
  • Human existence is conditioned by the unique human environment.
  • Individuals are open to the world by default. Their sense of the world and of themselves in it is the basic psychological reality.
  • People can be held accountable and endowed with freedom of choice.
  • Own moral principles and meaning, which determine the choice of a person, to some extent free from determination from the outside.
  • Statistics are not immutable truths. Because of the uniqueness of each person, individual precedents are useful for research.
  • Awareness of oneself in relation to other individuals is part of a person's consciousness.
  • The personality has a need to endlessly realize itself and develop, the potential for this is inherent in human nature.
  • Animal observation cannot be used in human studies.

Founders and followers of the direction

One of the fathers of the humanistic approach is called Abraham Maslow, best known for creating a hierarchy of human needs, built in the form of a pyramid. The idea of ​​the integrity of man also belongs to Maslow, who viewed people as initially positive beings. with a craving for development, and psychology as, first of all, an auxiliary means in achieving the necessary level.Humanistic psychology is short and clear. Representatives

In his work, Maslow was guided by considerations of existentialism, which, to one degree or another, are manifested in all facets of teaching.

The psychologist-neurologist Viktor Frankl from Austria, who created logotherapy, brought the ideas of his methodology to humanistic psychology. As what motivates a person, logotherapy calls the search and assessment of life meanings. According to Frankl's therapy, in the course of this search, a person develops and realizes himself.

The author of the concept of personality traits, psychotherapist Gordon Allport, described a person as a self-developing personality, open to interpersonal and social interaction. Changing the direction of research in favor of healthy people, Allport cited the theses and tasks of the humanistic study of the whole personality as an alternative to the methods of psychoanalysis and behaviorism.

According to the psychologist, the collection and description of facts are insufficient survey measures; in addition, they must be connected with each other and interpreted in a systematic way. Allport also disputed the explanation of interaction as coming into harmony with the environment, since he did not consider development to be an adaptation to it.

Experienced psychotherapist Karl Rogers, who defined the self-concept as the basis of personality construction and the main regulator of behavior, preached revolutionary personality-oriented therapy. “I-concept” consists in self-awareness and in the perception of oneself in context with other people.

According to Rogers, people's behavior stems from their intrinsic motivation, and they are free to act according to their desires, thereby shaping their own lives. He also belongs to the popularization of the definition of "self-actualization", which means development and success.

The psychologist considered people as good by nature, and their main goal was the social realization of themselves. Rogers characterized negative thoughts and manifestations of an individual as a distortion of a person's personality, which contradicts his original essence.

Among the rest of the most significant adherents of humanistic psychology, those who influenced it are called:

  • Everett Shostrom;
  • Frederick Perls;
  • Charlotte Buehler;
  • Frank Barron;
  • Rollo May;
  • James Bujenthal;
  • Sydney Jurard;
  • Erich Fromm;
  • Hans-Werner Gessmann.

The history of the formation and development of science

Seminars, bringing together specialists attracted by the first theses of the humanistic approach, began to be held in 1957. The subjects of discussion were the problems and difficulties of the psychology of that time. In 1959 g. Rollo May wrote Existential Psychology, which became the movement's manifesto.

The direction took shape and began to gain strength in the 60s. In 1961 g. a magazine dedicated to revolutionary teaching was created. As the number of supporters of the new discipline increased in 1970. The Association for Humanistic Psychology has gone international.

The main concept of this branch of science, which takes a position contrary to psychoanalysis and behaviorism in relation to tasks and work with examined, there was a study of the individual and his psyche through live communication, and not through dry and generalizing psychological receptions. According to experts such as Allport, Maslow, Rogers and other significant participants in the movement, direct contact with the patient contributed to a better self-awareness and personal self-determination the latter.Humanistic psychology is short and clear. Representatives

One of the founders of the teachings, Abraham Maslow, criticized the psychological patterns and methods popular in his time, considering them negative and superficial. Psychology, he said, was more focused on dealing with personal weaknesses and vulnerabilities than dealing with a person's strengths.

The psychologist urged to pay no less attention in research to mental health and positive emotions than to diseases, disorders and other pathological conditions of the psyche. Thanks to the work of Abraham Maslow and his associates, a new unique method of psychological research and therapy was formed.

The development of science at the present time

Humanistic psychology, succinctly and clearly identified as the advanced teaching of Western society, now it is actively developing in Russia, which was visited by delegations of AGP scientists back in the days of USSR. The principles and methods of discipline can now be found not only in positive, transpersonal and other, ideologically similar types of psychology, but also in modern psychoanalysis and behaviorism.

Despite criticism of these directions Maslow, who characterized his teaching as a "third force" in relation to these 2 directions, they are not competing. Branches of psychology complement each other for a better understanding of a person and interaction with him. The personality-centered approach has contributed to a holistic vision of people and has become demanded not only within science, used in politics, education, medicine and others social spheres.

At the same time, the humanistic movement is still not characterized by orderliness, which is why it is not combined with natural disciplines and rather stays in the humanitarian camp of sciences.

The goals of the doctrine, which originated in existentialism, German romanticism, the worldview of Eastern teachings, the French Enlightenment, philosophy, have not changed either:

  • Dostoevsky.
  • Nietzsche.
  • Tolstoy.
  • Feuerbach.
  • Husserl.
  • humanists of the Renaissance.

According to Maureen O'Hara, who served as president of the AGP in the 1990s, people in all parts of the world have the same need for understanding of oneself and freedom, in connection with which it is of great importance to study ways of peaceful coexistence of various groups of people. According to O'Hara, mutual support and understanding of independent communities could change the course of human history and expand the consciousness of the masses.

Basic principles and research methods

The success of a session of humanistic psychology is mainly due to the interlocutor of the subject, in the role of which the psychologist acts. An appointment with a specialist takes place as a dialogue between the patient and the therapist, who listens to the person without judgment and with understanding, without criticizing the information received. The examined person thus opens up and begins to express feelings more freely. This allows him to become more fully aware of himself, his environment and find a way out of the situation that worries him.

The goals of such sessions are also to create and affirm the client's positive vision of himself, and a realistic perception of his environment.

According to the ideas of Karl Rogers, who was at the origin of the practical application of the humanistic approach, the psychotherapist should be guided by the principles:

  • The specialist in his behavior should adhere to congruence, speaking freely and directly. This manner of communication, which is based on honesty, openness and self-expression without fear, should be gradually adopted by the subject.
  • The psychologist needs to understand the feelings of the interlocutor, putting himself in his place through empathy.
  • The conversation during the session of humanistic therapy takes place on an equal footing and should contribute to the establishment of a strong psychological connection between the participants.
  • The therapist should be responsive and accept all information, but not give her or the subject any evaluations, allowing him to behave naturally.

Humanistic psychology is short and clear. RepresentativesThe wellness therapy sessions founded by Rogers are conducted by psychologists around the world, and are still one of the most common means of examination and psychological assistance. They are primarily prescribed in cases of loneliness, lack of understanding and empathy.

Methods and directions

Humanistic psychology, concisely and clearly defined as a collection of metaphysical theses, identifies psychological problems through existential experience. It is formed in the course of therapy research, allowing the individual to take a sober look at himself and his environment. It also gives the person a basis for certain actions and reflections.

In the practical application of the humanistic approach, many techniques and technologies of self-penetration are used, conventionally divided into 4 types. Below are some of the basic techniques for each group.

Sensual methods

Sensory technologies include:

  • empathy;
  • psychodrama;
  • establishing a psychological connection;
  • holistic vision of yourself.

Bodily methods

In the humanistic approach, the following methods of bodily interaction are used:

  • Alexander therapy;
  • practice of holistic medicine;
  • Reich technology;
  • Rolfing and Feldenkrais reception;
  • sensory consciousness.

Spiritual methods

Technologies in this group include such techniques as:

  • sand games;
  • transpersonal therapy;
  • active educational activities;
  • dynamic meditation;
  • interpretation of dreams;
  • psychoanalysis.

Thinking methods

The thinking techniques of the humanistic approach include:

  • neurolinguistic programming;
  • transactional research;
  • family psychology;
  • development of individual constructs according to the Kelly method.

Concepts of humanistic psychology. Bases

Humanistic psychology, briefly and clearly called life-affirming, first of all stands out co-research therapy, carried out not only by a specialist, but also by the subject in relation to himself myself. Thanks to this, the client becomes available to self-determination, systematization of the process of self-examination and evaluation of the work performed.Humanistic psychology is short and clear. Representatives

According to the founders of the humanistic approach, such practices increase the efficiency of work with an individual due to his direct participation. In the process of developing and refining the co-research methodology, a specific terminology arose.

The real self

This term is found in the writings of many scientists who influenced psychology, including Jung, Maslow, Freud and Rogers. It denotes a bridge between the consciousness and the unconscious of a person, highlighting his personality. Reducing the subject to his real personality, which is under the masks of social roles, is a method of improving the patient's mood. It is used, for example, in the oppressed state caused by the conflict of social norms and gender inconsistency.

Sub-personalities

The definition of the subpersonal consists in the presence of additional communication manners and images in each person, the manifestation of which occurs depending on the circumstances. For example, the behavior of people in the work environment is usually different from their family time. The author of the term “subpersonality” is the Italian psychologist Roberto Assangioli.

Abundance motivation

According to many experts, the actions of an individual are determined by his internal needs and desires. According to the humanistic concept of validity, some of them can be imaginary and serve as an obstacle to reuniting with your real self. To prevent movement on the wrong path, you should think about your motives and the conditions that accompany them.

Pros and cons of the humanistic direction. Weighing the pros and cons

Due to the lack of a strict organization, the protest in nature humanistic branch of psychology did not take shape in an independent direction, but became an important and demanded element of this science. The basis of the differences between the humanistic approach and its predecessors was the consideration of a person as a holistic being and rejection of analogies with animals or something else when conducting psychological research.Humanistic psychology is short and clear. Representatives

The attractive aspects of the discipline are:

  • differentiation of psychosomatic ailments;
  • the thesis about managing your own psyche;
  • the ability to independently search and detect mental disorders;
  • study of individual potential.

Among the disadvantages of the direction are called:

  • personalism of research and conclusions;
  • increased attention to individualism;
  • lack of a scientifically verified method for assessing the personal characteristics of the subject;
  • neglect of rational inspection methods;
  • exclusion of provisions on the viciousness of the individual.

Practical use. Levers and keys

The principles and methods of the "third force" of psychology were most widely used in other areas of this science. Professionals from all over the world successfully apply them both in psychiatry and in preventive or therapeutic sessions.

The rest of the areas where humanistic developments are involved to one degree or another are:

Field of activity Peculiarities
Educational performances Carl Rogers, one of the founders of the teaching, stands at the origins of intensive social training and seminars.
Society One of the main ideas of the direction is the improvement of society by bringing to mutual understanding and cooperation of both individuals and different groups of people.
Education A friendly manner of communication between teachers and students gives freedom to manifest the potential of the latter and increases the effectiveness of classes
Integration into everyday life The humanistic approach is used in many social institutions for various purposes.
Humanistic psychology is short and clear. Representatives

Maslow, Rogers and others who influenced the formation of the humanistic approach continue to gain followers, which contributes to an increase in the number of his supporters in various fields. Among the complex scientific concepts of this discipline, there are also brief understandable provisions that ensure its relevance in all strata of society.

This attractive branch of psychology focuses on positive personality traits, emotions, spontaneity, and creativity, but the lack of systematics and rigorous substantiation of its methods did not allow this largely experimental teaching to take its place among independent directions. Despite this, the humanistic approach is firmly entrenched in various aspects of psychology, significantly complementing and enriching it.

Author: Cash Diver

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