Miscellaneous

Sublingual is like taking medicine for humans.

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Content

  1. Mechanism of action, absorption of drugs taken sublingually, bioavailability
  2. Benefits of Sublingual Medication
  3. Flaws
  4. Sublingual drug release forms
  5. What drugs can be taken sublingually
  6. Psychoactive drugs
  7. Allergens
  8. Antihypertensive medicines
  9. Healing peptides and proteins
  10. Vaccines
  11. Algorithm for taking drugs sublingually
  12. Video about the sublingual route of administration of the drug

Medicines that are intended for sublingual administration, available in the form of tablets and drip solutions. These are medicines, the constituent substances of which are not absorbed in the human gastrointestinal tract, but inside the oral cavity. Therapy with drugs in this category has its advantages and disadvantages.

Sublingual drugs are often prescribed for patients with chronic liver disease, stomach and intestines, as their absorption occurs without irritating the mucous membrane of organs digestion.

Mechanism of action, absorption of drugs taken sublingually, bioavailability

Sublingual drugs are the pharmacological designation for a group of drugs that are taken by placing them inside the mouth under the tongue. In this case, the active substances of medicines of this category penetrate into the composition of the general blood flow through the smallest blood vessels, capillaries. The drugs are absorbed into the oral mucosa as the drug is dissolved.

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Most sublingual drugs are intended for the treatment of patients with cardiovascular pathologies, in need of treatment with steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, barbiturates, enzymes, vitamin and mineral complexes. Before prescribing sublingual drugs, the attending physician considers the appropriateness of their use in relation to patients with specific types of diseases.

Sublingual route of administration of medicinal substances. Like this
Sublingual route of drug administration

The mechanism of action of sublingual medicines is quite simple. When the active substance of drugs in this category begins to come into active contact with the surface oral mucosa, chemical compounds are absorbed into the epithelial layer under the tongue sick. This area of ​​the human oral cavity is characterized by a high concentration of blood vessels.

Due to this factor, as sublingual drugs dissolve, they quickly penetrate into the composition venous circulation, from where they enter the heart, and then rapidly spread through the arterial vessels. Within a few minutes, the action of the active components of sublingual preparations covers all tissues and internal organs of the human body.Sublingual route of administration of medicinal substances. Like this

The therapeutic effect of sublingual drugs lasts from 3 to 30 minutes. depending on the type of medication, its biochemical composition and therapeutic purpose. The metabolism of drugs in this category occurs in the liver tissues as their main and auxiliary components break down. The excretion of sublingual drugs is carried out by the kidneys along with the urine.

In most cases, a much smaller percentage of the constituents of these drugs are utilized through the intestines. Some types of sublingual drugs have the effect of accumulating in the tissues of internal organs. Almost all medicines in this category have side properties that must be taken into account at all stages of the therapeutic process.

Benefits of Sublingual Medication

Sublingually - this (how to take drugs of this group is indicated in their manufacturer's instructions) means taking the drug by completely dissolving it inside the oral cavity.

Medicines with this absorption method have the following advantages over other types of medicines:

  • very quickly absorbed into the blood vessels of the oral cavity, saturating the general blood flow;
  • do not irritate the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, which is especially important during the treatment of patients with chronic diseases of the digestive tract;
  • are distinguished by a high level of therapeutic efficacy, the implementation of which occurs in the first 2-3 minutes. from the beginning of the dissolution of the drug in the sublingual area of ​​the oral cavity;
  • during the metabolic breakdown of the biochemical components of sublingual drugs, a much lower load on the liver tissue is created;
  • allow to relieve acute symptoms of chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system, to stabilize the patient's condition before the arrival of an ambulance.

The main advantage of sublingual drugs is that while oral medications undergo a long period of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, drugs in this category are distributed throughout the body in a matter of minutes.

Flaws

Sublingual is (how to take medicines of this group is indicated in the package insert that comes with drug) a convenient way of taking medications intended to dissolve inside the oral cavity.

Therapy with medicines in this category has not only advantages, but is also characterized by the following disadvantages:

  • during the dissolution of the medicine inside the oral cavity, a person feels its bitter, sweet or sour taste;
  • in the presence of damage to the mucous membrane, the presence of ulcers and wounds, their irritation occurs (in this case, pain is felt in the area of ​​the wound surface of the oral mucosa);
  • at the time of dissolution of the drug, the effect of profuse salivation may occur, which can also be accompanied by a feeling of nausea, the release of vomit;Sublingual route of administration of medicinal substances. Like this
  • there is a risk of pills getting into the cavity of the respiratory system, which are ways to cause death from suffocation;
  • during the resorption of drugs, a tingling sensation or numbness of the oral mucosa, tip of the tongue may occur;
  • some types of sublingual drugs are capable of staining the color of tooth enamel, and also cause its destruction under conditions of prolonged drug therapy.

Sublingual drugs, like drugs of other pharmacological groups, have side effects. effects, can cause bouts of moderate to severe allergies in response to the action of their constituents components. The feeling of increasing itching, redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, the tissues of the tongue indicates an individual intolerance to the constituent components of this medication.

Sublingual drug release forms

Sublingual medications are produced in the following pharmaco-therapeutic dosage forms:

  • Tablets without a protective film are packed in plastic blisters, glass or polymer bottles.
  • Sprays and aerosols - contained in pressurized metal cans.
  • Drops are medicinal solutions that are bottled in plastic or glass bottles.

Previously, sublingual drugs were available in powder form. Currently, medicines of this type are practically not used for absorption in the oral cavity.

What drugs can be taken sublingually

Sublingually - this is (how to take medicines of this category you can find out after reading their instructions for use) a convenient way of taking medications of various forms of release. Almost all drugs in this group are highly active, even with the use of minimal doses of therapy.

Psychoactive drugs

For sublingual administration, drugs are prescribed based on the active substance salfinorin A, as well as the following psychoactive drugs:

  • Methamphetamine;
  • Clonazepam;
  • Morphine;
  • drugs based on tryptamine, as well as phenylethylamine;
  • Alprazolam.Sublingual route of administration of medicinal substances. Like this

Sublingual intake of these medicines is more effective due to the fact that most of the active components of these funds are subject to strong acidification of gastric juice. Resorption of drugs with psychoactive properties allows the delivery of their active substances directly to the centers of the brain, bypassing the liver tissue and the acidic environment of the gastrointestinal tract.

The main disadvantage of sublingual therapy with drugs in this category is that they have very unpleasant aftertaste, characterized by strong bitterness, which lasts throughout the entire period of their resorption.

Allergens

Sublingual intake of allergens is one of the modern methods of treating allergies in children and adults.

Currently, there are 2 types of certified drugs that have undergone clinical studies, and their therapeutic efficacy has been proven in practice. This is a medicine called Fostal, which contains an allergen of pollen, which is emitted by fruit trees during the spring flowering period. The drug Staloral is intended for the treatment of allergic reactions to birch pollen and household dust.

The principle of treating an allergic reaction with allergen preparations is that at the time of resorption tablets, small doses of biochemical substances are released, which provoke the effect of local irritation.

In the course of this therapy, the cells of the immune system gradually get used to the allergens of birch pollen, fruit trees and household dust. Sublingual medication of this category involves the dissolution of yellow or white tablets, depending on the constituent components of the drug.

Antihypertensive medicines

Most antihypertensive drugs for sublingual use are available in the form of tablets or drip solutions. The main purpose of these drugs is to quickly lower blood pressure, normalize the functions of the heart and blood vessels, the walls of which are in a state of spasm.

There are the following sublingual antihypertensive drugs:

  • Captopril;Sublingual route of administration of medicinal substances. Like this
  • Nifedipine;
  • Clonidine.

Sublingual intake of the above drugs allows you to normalize blood pressure values ​​within 5-10 minutes. Patients with hypertensive crisis have the opportunity to normalize their well-being before the arrival of emergency doctors. The risk of cerebral stroke caused by high blood pressure is reduced.Sublingual route of administration of medicinal substances. Like this

The disadvantage of sublingual therapy with antihypertensive drugs is that not all medicines for lowering blood pressure are allowed to be taken by absorption in the oral cavity. Diuretics necessary to maintain normal blood pressure in hypertensive patients are intended for oral administration only.

Healing peptides and proteins

Healing peptides and proteins are protein-based preparations designed for the prevention and treatment of various diseases of internal organs. Medicines in this category are available in the form of tablets and drops.

In medical practice, the following drugs containing peptides and proteins are used:

  • Revilab ML (there is a line of drugs of this type, which include peptides of the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary, cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine systems, as well as various organs of the human organism);
  • Peptide BIO;
  • Vitual (peptide complex).

Sublingual preparations based on peptides and proteins penetrate into the general bloodstream of a person, spread through the tissues of his body, and then activate the process of rejuvenation and healing of cells.

VaccinesSublingual route of administration of medicinal substances. Like this

Sublingual vaccines are used to improve the immune system's defenses against allergens or infectious microorganisms that are present in the environment.

The active components of these drugs act as a local irritant. The human immune system produces antibodies that can resist pathogenic microbes in the event of repeated and larger infections.

The following are the most effective sublingual vaccines:

  • Immunotek;
  • Baktek;
  • Oraltek.

The polio virus vaccine, which comes in the form of drops, is injected into the patient's oral cavity on the surface of the oral mucosa, tongue and tissues under its surface. Part of the drug is absorbed into the blood vessels, and the remainder of the solution is swallowed along with saliva.

Algorithm for taking drugs sublingually

Sublingually - this (how to take drugs in this category is explained by the attending physician who prescribes them) is one of the most convenient forms of taking pills and drip drugs. The table below describes in detail the algorithm for therapy with medications that are intended for sublingual administration.

Rules for taking sublingual drugs Commentary on the therapeutic process
Rule number 1. Wash the hands. Before squeezing a tablet out of a blister or taking it out of a bottle, wash your hands thoroughly using warm water and soap. Together with dirty hands, pathogens can enter the oral cavity.
Rule number 2. Take a sitting position. A person who takes medication intended for sublingual use should only be in a sitting position. Medicines in this category are strictly forbidden to be taken by patients who are lying or are in an unconscious state.
Rule number 3. Prepare the mouth by rinsing it. Before placing the sublingual tablet inside the mouth, rinse your mouth with a little water at room temperature. At the time of resorption of the medication, it is forbidden to eat food or any drinks. This limitation is due to the fact that during a meal or drinking liquids, the drug can be accidentally swallowed. Sublingual drugs lose their therapeutic effectiveness under the influence of the aggressive environment of gastric juice and its digestive enzymes.
Rule number 4. Do not smoke for 1 hour before taking the medicine. Contact of cigarette smoke and nicotine, which is contained in tobacco products, leads to a contraction of the walls of the blood vessels of the mouth. The result of this physiological process is that the constituent components of sublingual drugs lose the ability to fully absorb, their pharmacological properties.
Rule number 5. Inspect the oral cavity. Sublingual medications have a common side effect of local irritation to the mucous membrane with which the constituent components of tablets or liquid drops interact. In patients who do not have diseases of the oral cavity, this property of medicines remains unnoticed. People suffering from stomatitis, gingivitis, glossitis may have pain in the places of localization of ulcerative formations. In the presence of these diseases of the oral cavity, it is recommended to treat them, and only then begin therapy with sublingual drugs.
Rule number 6. Put the medicine under the tongue. Sublingual drugs are allowed to be placed under either side of the frenum of the tongue (connective tissue located under this organ of the human oral cavity).Sublingual route of administration of medicinal substances. Like this
Rule No. 7. Tilt your head forward throughout the entire period of drug absorption. Sublingual medications in pill form can accidentally enter the esophagus or respiratory system. To minimize the risk of negative consequences from taking these drugs, it is recommended to keep your head slightly tilted forward until the drug is completely absorbed. This rule of the instruction does not apply to patients who are being treated with sublingual medicines in the form of drops or sprays. In this case, a drip solution or spray aerosol is simply applied to the oral mucosa.
Rule number 8. Keep the drug inside the mouth until it is completely dissolved. Most sublingual drugs dissolve inside the oral cavity within 1-3 minutes. During this period of time, it is necessary to refrain from talking with people around, you can not walk, stand or perform rotational head movements. These actions can lead to displacement of the tablet from under the tongue, provoke its accidental swallowing or getting into the respiratory system.
Rule No. 9. Do not swallow the medicine. Sublingual medications must undergo a complete dissolution stage under the tongue. Only in this case it is possible to count on the complete absorption of the active components of the drug into the general bloodstream. If the drug has been accidentally swallowed, you should contact your doctor in order to adjust the therapeutic dose of the drug. For example, your doctor may advise you to do a second sublingual dose of 1/2 tablet or 1/4 of it, depending on the dosage regimen of the particular drug.
Rule number 10. Do not drink water immediately after the medication is dissolved. After the sublingual drug has completely dissolved, it is not recommended for another 10 minutes. drink water or eat food. The composition of saliva still contains a high concentration of active substances of the drug, which continue to penetrate into the capillaries of the walls of the oral cavity.

Any sublingual drug should be taken in compliance with the rules instructions for use, which was developed by its manufacturer based on laboratory data tests. It is strictly forbidden to dissolve medications that are not intended to dissolve inside the oral cavity.

Sublingual drugs are a separate category of drug therapy that are available in the form of tablets without an additional coating, aerosol sprays or in the form of drops. The advantage of using drugs of this group is their high bioavailability and the fastest possible effect on the human body.

The absorption of the constituent substances of the sublingual medication begins in the first 3-5 minutes. after the pill was under the patient's tongue. Most drugs in this category are taken as symptomatic therapy. For example, in order to quickly expand blood vessels, relieve a heart attack, and normalize blood circulation in the coronary vessels.

Video about the sublingual route of administration of the drug

Ways and methods of drug administration:

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