Miscellaneous

Stuttering is in speech therapy what? Definition, types, etiology, exercises

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Content

  1. Concept and essence
  2. Forms and types
  3. Phases
  4. Symptoms
  5. Causes of occurrence
  6. Diagnostics
  7. Correction
  8. Speech correction
  9. Breath and voice
  10. Motor skills
  11. Psyche
  12. Stuttering video

Stuttering is a difficult speech disorder, which is associated with mental physiology, when there is a violation of the integrity and fluency of human speech. Stuttering is also called logoneurosis in speech therapy. These symptoms are manifested by frequent repetitions or elongated sounds, single syllables or even whole words. Logonervosis is sometimes manifested by regular or irregular stops, as well as lack of confidence in speech, as a result of which rhythm disturbances are noticeable.

Concept and essence

Logoneurosis (speech neurosis) is one of the types of systemic neurosis. The lack of consistency in the systemic regulation of speech, as well as its reproduction, can be seen in the violation of the smoothness of speech. Moreover, the stronger the anxiety for the performance of speech, the greater the impairment of speech, since the process is influenced by concentration of attention. This is called logophobia in speech therapy, which only aggravates logneurosis and makes its treatment much more difficult.

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The main difference between logoneurosis can be called the convulsions of the speech apparatus. Such convulsions, which are called articulatory cramps, are most clearly perceived by the people around them. Voice cramps, invisible to others, are recognized only by speech therapists or neurologists. Respiratory cramps are also very difficult to recognize. These unhealthy processes can be found only in a particular section of the speech apparatus, but it is also possible to diagnose their combination.

Most often, logoneurosis is diagnosed in children from 2 to 5 years old. Stuttering, which occurs during adolescence, is considered a manifestation of neurosis. Similar violations also occur as they grow older. According to statistics, stuttering is 3 times more common in boys than in girls.Stuttering in speech therapy is what, definition, types, etiology, exercises

Stuttering from preschool age puts the child in special conditions. Often, relatives, educators, teachers and other environment only contribute to the strengthening of the defect. The family does not hide the concern for the stutter, thereby increasing his anxiety, narrowing the child's attention to a defect.

As a result, these measures not only do not improve speech, but also make it more noticeable to the patient himself. Speech therapists believe that with any complexity of the motor manifestations of logoneurosis, they are eliminated much easier if the patient is socially protected and therefore less neurotic.

Stuttering is in speech therapy a violation of the tempo, rhythm and fluency of speech, which are caused by the spasm of the muscles of the speech apparatus. With logoneurosis, the speech organs move with malfunctions, the patient breathes tensely, often he begins to speak while inhaling, the voice also becomes tense. Articulatory, respiratory and vocal coherence disappears.

Some patients, when trying to overcome the defect, begin to help themselves by performing various accompanying movements. Initially, such movements slightly facilitate speech, but after a very short time they become ineffective, making the logoneurosis even more difficult and noticeable.

Forms and types

There are 2 forms of logoneurosis, depending on the factors that became the causes of its occurrence:

  • Neurosis-like is characterized by speech disorders based on systemic neurosis. This type of defect is poorly treated, due to the fact that it is caused by genetics. In people with this kind, a slightly different functioning of the central nervous system, in part of the brain, is observed than in most. Children later master speech and begin to use it, they can also develop more slowly than their peers.
  • Neurotic is characterized by the consequences of severe shocks or regular stress. Usually, a person may start stuttering after being very frightened. Further, the spasms of the muscles that control speech begin to recur more often, while the person begins to be afraid to speak. This type is quite amenable to treatment, but only if it is started in a timely manner.

A mixed form is also possible when both reasons are present.

In addition to these types, speech therapy distinguishes:

  • neurotic logoneurosis occurs with a strong shock;
  • neurosis-like, which occurs with neurological lesions.

Most often, children are exposed to this, mainly boys. This defect occurs in boys several times more often than in girls.

Phases

Stuttering is a form of neurosis in speech therapy, which forms spontaneously, after which it gradually develops and progresses.

In speech therapy, there are 4 degrees of stuttering development:Stuttering in speech therapy is what, definition, types, etiology, exercises

1st phase characterized by the gradual development of logoneurosis, the symptoms of which are very rare
Phase 2 characterized by an increase in the intensity of stuttering, concomitant gestures appear
3 phase it is characterized by regular seizures, while emotional stability decreases
4 phase there is a strong fear of talking, the patient avoids communication
Stuttering in speech therapy is what, definition, types, etiology, exercises

In the case when stuttering only intensifies, the likelihood of a severe form of logoneurosis and mental consequences for the rest of life increases. The most difficult time during which the main psychological experiences of this defect fall is adolescence. At this time, the child, avoiding ridicule from other adolescents, begins to withdraw from any communication, as well as those moments that require the transfer of any data orally.

In severe cases of stuttering, a teenager is afraid to pronounce words and sounds, does not want to answer lessons, an inferiority complex begins to form in him. Stumbling becomes more obvious when communicating with a large number of interlocutors, strangers, in especially important cases. The shock experienced by a person who has stuttering can lead to further deterioration situations and even - to a change in personality, he becomes silent, withdrawn, develops a depressive condition.

Symptoms

The first symptoms may appear at the age of 2 years.

Logorneurosis can be suspected in the following cases:

  • the baby needs more time than his peers to pronounce a simple phrase;
  • the child pronounces words uncertainly, constantly pauses;
  • the baby often stops his speech when he pronounces a sentence;
  • the baby begins to repeat some sounds, most often at the beginning of a word, or even whole words.

Usually, the initial symptoms appear soon after stress or shock. Under the influence, the baby tries to speak correctly, but the spasms, which he cannot control, prevent him from doing this. When the psychoemotional state returns to normal, the logoneurosis may begin to weaken, and may even completely disappear.

In case of repeated stress, the defect may appear again. Over time, the exacerbation of logoneurosis increases, and remission decreases. In adolescents, stuttering can manifest itself more strongly, his complexes intensify. The situation and the course of the disease worsen, as in an uncomfortable situation the child is shocked, and the signs are better visible.

Causes of occurrence

Heredity is of great importance in the formation of logoneurosis. At the age of 3 years, the development of the system of speech movements and verbal thinking begins. Speech function at this age is the most vulnerable.

Speech is impaired, since young children are very emotional, and a tendency to seizures develops. A distinctive feature of the neurophysiology of a 3-year-old baby is the fact that the child is not always able to stop himself, to calm down. Therefore, the risks of logoneurosis in a child are much more significant than in an adult who knows how to control himself.

Stuttering is a disease in speech therapy, among the main causes of which are the following:

  • increased and irregularly occurring convulsions of the motor endings of the speech centers of the brain;
  • consequences of acute and chronic stress in preschool and school age;
  • genetics (a number of types of logoneurosis can be inherited);
  • consequences of perinatal damage to the central nervous system;
  • regular or irregular spontaneous seizures;
  • various brain injuries;
  • complications after infections and endocrine diseases;
  • abnormal development of speech functions in early preschool age (for example, delayed psychomotor development);
  • some children often mimic the stutterer, but after a while their own defect may form;
  • if you try to retrain a left-handed person;
  • if there is not enough love and understanding in childhood.

Logoneurosis in preschool age also arises from strict upbringing, excessive demands. Sometimes parents want their kids to grow up to be geniuses, so they can force them to learn long poems, use hard-to-remember words, and this leads the child to the formation of speech defects. Logoneurosis may increase or decrease.

The factors that provoke an increase in logoneurosis include:

  • overwork;
  • a cold;
  • violation of the daily routine;
  • punishment.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of logoneurosis should be carried out on the basis of a general picture of health. In the case when the symptomatology does not disappear within 3 months, the patient is diagnosed with stuttering.

When a child stutters, you first need to visit a pediatrician. If necessary, he gives a referral to a neurologist and a psychiatrist, who in turn can prescribe a diagnosis that will reveal organic changes in the brain. We'll have to visit a child psychologist. Before deciding on the diagnosis, the listed specialists must study in detail the anamnesis, complaints, and assess the child's behavior.

To exclude concomitant diseases of the central nervous system, the following are prescribed:

  • MRI;
  • rheoencephalography;
  • EEG of the brain.

Correction

If signs of logoneurosis were noticed, then you should immediately contact a speech therapist or pediatrician, since the disease itself will not go away. It is necessary to treat logoneurosis in babies even before the start of school age. Rehabilitation is carried out jointly by a psychologist, speech therapist and pediatrician.

The goal of the pediatrician is the treatment of concomitant diseases, as well as increasing immunity, preventive measures against colds, especially diseases of the speech apparatus and ears. Treatment of chronic diseases is required for remission to occur. Physiotherapy, such as a pool or massage, can help with this.

A psychologist or psychotherapist can help you cope with feelings, help you feel good with other people. It can also help not to avoid communication, to realize that the child is complete. Classes must be held with parents who can help cope with the defect. The help of a speech therapist is aimed at quickly correcting logoneurosis.

Parents can help cope with the defect by keeping their child hopeful and in a good mood. The kid receives praise for his achievements or other awards to feel their significance. It is necessary to give homework assignments so that the treatment is not limited to visiting a specialist and progresses faster. Under no circumstances should you raise your voice to a stutter, as this contributes to the development of the disease.

Speech correction

The program must contain examples of correct speech. For example, a conversation with a speech therapist or other people who have already been cured.Stuttering in speech therapy is what, definition, types, etiology, exercises

It is also imperative that in the course of treatment of people with logoneurosis such a method as speech therapy rhythmics should be used.

This method contains:

  • exercises for vocal, facial muscles;
  • use of a game form;
  • vocal play exercises;
  • round dances.

Stuttering is a disease in speech therapy, the course of treatment for which must be carried out according to a strict system, be phased and sequential. You must first teach correct narrative speech. You can read poems and retell homework.

During such exercises, the patient should feel comfortable, know that he will not be given bad marks and that no one will laugh at his mistakes. The speech of patients during such exercises should be measured, calm, without varying prosody.

After it is possible to get rid of the logoneurosis during the narration, the patient should gradually introduce emotional coloring, for example, lowering your voice, highlighting a word, doing theatrical pause.

During the course, you can simulate different realistic life situations, which will help to cope with logoneurosis outside the walls of the specialist's office. Here you need to strictly observe the sequence of speech, which can be joint, repeatable and independent.

It is necessary to accustom the patient to fluent speech by listening to it. For example, for a child, a speech therapist can name toys and the like. You can read the finished story or come up with one (with pauses). At the end of the story, the speech therapist asks: "What did you see?", "What is the character doing?" etc. Any phrase of a speech therapist should be melodic, with clear verbal and logical stress.

During the story, you need to ask questions about the plot or some actions, associations. This is necessary for the assessment and development of logical thinking, since it is often violated in people suffering from logoneurosis due to fears.

For example, you can ask a child: “I’ll name some hero, and you continue, name the association. What is this hero doing? " ("Cat". "The cat meows.")

It is also possible for the patient to listen to the story of the speech therapist with closed eyes, while he has optimal an acoustic speech structure will be formed, ideas about movements and content are more clearly created speech. In this way, you can better deal with distractions.

The participation of the patient in singing in chorus or alone helps well, since it directly affects the balance of breathing and discontinuity of speech.

Games with speech support are useful:

  • lotto;
  • dominoes;
  • ball game.

You can use round dances, theatrical performances, reading poetry, especially with movement. You can depict fishing with a magnetic hook: "Catch, fish, small, catch, fish, big." You can count the caught fish, come up with names for them, or even whole stories about them.

The following technique is interesting: you can compose a full-fledged story from pictures, for example, "Fishing", "Turnip" and the like. It will be useful to read a group of poems, tell fairy stories (one patient starts, and the other continues). She teaches songs, poems and fairy tales in parts: the speech therapist says 2-3 phrases, and then the patient or patients repeat them.

These techniques and exercises can build confidence in your ability to speak correctly and overcome your fears. If tongue is present, it is necessary to eliminate it using traditional speech therapy methods. For example, you can explain to the kid: "If you learn to pronounce the sound" r ", then the stuttering will pass."

Breath and voice

Often a person suffering from logoneurosis has irregular breathing. You can teach the patient to pronounce words with sufficient exhalation. To do this, it is necessary to monitor that he inhales as often as possible, without raising his shoulders and not overfilling his lungs. By regularly stopping speech, you can use short phrases to help develop correct breathing. During physical education, you need to pay attention to a smooth exhalation.

Stuttering in speech therapy is what, definition, types, etiology, exercises
Respiratory gymnastics is used in the treatment of stuttering in speech therapy

It is necessary to develop confident and strong intonations in the patient, which is facilitated by singing in the choir. You can put a logoneurosis sufferer as a lead singer.

Playing musical instruments, dancing, clapping hands are useful. These methods develop not only the rhythm of movements, but also speech, and also discipline the patient, give a good mood, and strengthen the will.

Motor skills

Suffering from logoneurosis, provided that they have significant or slight clumsiness in their movements, as well as bad coordination, you must certainly involve in various active game exercises, regularly engage in physical culture.

In the case when significant muscle tension is observed in speech or during other movements (this phenomenon is called rigidity), it is advisable to carry out special gymnastic exercises. Stiffness can be determined by feeling the muscles in the forearm or neck, chest or abdomen. These techniques are best done before speech games.

For example, you can simulate rinsing your laundry. To do this, you need to bend down, start quick movements with your hands to the right and left. You can also simulate the gradual growth and wilting of flowers. To do this, you need to sit down, shrink into a lump with relaxed muscles into a lump. Then gradually rise and spread your arms in different directions and gather again into a ball.Stuttering in speech therapy is what, definition, types, etiology, exercises

When performing these exercises, the speech therapist should check muscle tension by touch. Also, during breaks, the speech therapist should feel the muscles, bringing them to a relaxed state, for which the patient is offered to move his arms, head, body with light movements.

Psyche

Speech disorders are also often associated with mental changes. The level of motor impairment is directly related to the integrity of the mental state. Therefore, it is important to associate the optimal state of the psyche with developing and correcting speech.

It is recommended to start the correction course with the optimization of the mental state during the performance of speech functions. This requires a significant concentration of attention of the patient suffering from logoneurosis.

Therefore, it is necessary to carry out specialized exercises aimed at concentration and switching attention. It should be borne in mind that before the start of the course of treatment, the attention of patients was most likely incorrect. distributed and focused mainly on speech functions, as well as their own experiences.

This requires:

  1. In case of strong feelings, it is recommended to stop the incorrect speech, calm down, explaining that there is no need to feel ashamed of your defect. But it is impossible to focus the patient's attention on this.
  2. It is necessary to involve the patient in the team, giving various significant and important assignments (but at the same time they must be within their power). Tasks should be gradually made more difficult, while, if possible, they should be more and more connected with communication with other people.
  3. It is helpful to gently nudge the patient into more vigorous activity. To do this, it is necessary to support his undertakings, encourage and calm him down, monitoring the increase or decrease of logoneurosis. If the situation worsens, then it is necessary to carefully, without affecting self-esteem, temporarily remove the patient from activities that cause him negative emotions.
  4. It is helpful to identify the patient's hobby and help promote it. The more a logoneurosis sufferer does what he loves and is distracted from thoughts of his inferiority, the less he stutters.
  5. One should approve of the patient, if appropriate, without exaggerating his merits, especially when he does not stutter. Such praise confirms self-confidence and awareness of speech success. If there is a failure, then the patient's attention should be diverted.
  6. It is recommended to encourage the development of willpower, erect posture, firm gait.
  7. It is necessary to instill in the patient the ability to look the interlocutor directly in the eyes in the process.
  8. There is no need to tell other people about his defect in front of the patient.

Using modern speech therapy techniques, you can cope with logoneurosis and live a full life. It is extremely important to deal with the defect before entering school, for which it is necessary to visit a specialist as early as possible and strictly follow his instructions. The curriculum includes verbal responses in class in the presence of classmates, and this can be a significant problem for a stutter.

Overcoming logoneurosis with age becomes more and more difficult due to the development of incorrect fixed skills, as well as various accompanying disorders. Speech therapy, started in a timely manner, will lead to positive results. According to statistics, 70% of preschoolers completely get rid of logoneurosis, and these are high rates.

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