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Disease of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment

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Content

  1. Classification
  2. Wilson-Konovalov disease
  3. Symptoms and Signs
  4. Causes
  5. Treatment methods
  6. Primary biliary cholangitis (cirrhosis)
  7. Symptoms and Signs
  8. Causes
  9. Treatment methods
  10. Cholecystitis
  11. Symptoms and Signs
  12. Causes
  13. Treatment methods
  14. Ascariasis of the liver and gallbladder
  15. Symptoms and Signs
  16. Causes
  17. Treatment methods
  18. Hepatitis
  19. Symptoms and Signs
  20. Causes
  21. Treatment methods
  22. Cirrhosis of the liver
  23. Symptoms and Signs
  24. Causes
  25. Treatment methods
  26. Cholangitis
  27. Symptoms and Signs
  28. Causes
  29. Treatment methods
  30. Gallbladder cancer
  31. Symptoms
  32. Causes
  33. Treatment methods
  34. Fatty liver
  35. Symptoms and Signs
  36. Causes
  37. Treatment methods
  38. Video about diseases of the liver and biliary

The liver and gallbladder are 2 anatomical structures in the body that are involved in digestion. Both organs are located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. About 30% of humanity complain about the symptoms of diseases in this area.

Classification

The liver performs a transformation function in the human body - it helps to break down fats contained in food, produces bile juices. The main function of the gallbladder

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- to accumulate bile produced by the liver and pass it through the duct leading to the small intestine. Bile helps digest fats in the small intestine.

Diseases of the liver and gallbladder, the symptoms of which are known to many, are common. In medicine, more than 100 types of liver diseases have been identified.

General classification of liver diseases:

  1. Congenital.
  2. Purchased.
  3. Primary.
  4. Secondary.
  5. According to etiology: infectious, toxic, metabolic alimentary, dyscirculatory.
  6. Autoimmune: primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis.
  7. By morphological characteristics: hepatosis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, tumors.

Congenital diseases do not depend on a person's lifestyle and are caused by genetic DNA mutations. Among congenital diseases, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis and Dubin-Johnson syndrome are of particular interest. Primary diseases occur without obvious symptoms and are most often detected during a routine medical examination.

Secondary diseases are associated with other diseases, for example, metastatic lesions, when tumor cells arise against the background of a chronic inflammatory process of any other organ. The main types of liver cancer are micro- and macroforms.

Cancer microform is:

  • hepatocellular appearance;
  • cholangiocellular;
  • mixed;
  • undifferentiated;
  • hepatoblastoma.

Basic macroforms:

  • diffuse;
  • knotty;
  • massive.Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment

Infectious diseases include:

  • viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, G, E;
  • toxoplasmosis;
  • adenovirus;
  • Epstein-Barr virus;
  • parasitic invasions: ascariasis, echinococcosis, amebiasis, opisthorchiasis.

The hepatotoxic effect varies according to the degree of organ damage:

  • 1 degree - an increase in the level of enzymes by 2-5 times;
  • 2nd degree - 5-10 times;
  • Grade 3 - more than 10 times.

Toxic liver damage can be:

  • acute - less than 6 months;
  • chronic - more than 6 months.

Disease of the liver and gallbladder (symptoms are described below) can vary in the nature of cell damage:

  • with stagnation of bile;
  • with developing liver failure;
  • associated with the death of liver tissue - necrosis;
  • with the replacement of healthy tissues with scar tissue - fibrosis.

Alimentary metabolic diseases cause metabolic disorders associated with endogenous factors:

  • obesity;
  • severe form of diabetes mellitus.

Among discirculatory diseases, the greatest danger is hepatic encephalopathy. Intrarenal portal hypertension is less common.

Gallbladder disease:Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment

Functional impairment Dyskinesias (hypo-, hyperkinesia, hypo-, hypertension, or mixed variants)
Discrimination of the gallbladder.
Due to mechanical disturbances Congenital anomalies
Hyperplasia of the lymphatic glands.
Metabolic diseases Cholelithiasis

Inflammatory processes

Obstructive, not obstructive.
Cholecystitis.
Cholangitis.
Cholecystocholangitis.

Parasitic invasions

Ascariasis.
Opisthorchiasis.
Echinococcosis.
Fascioliasis.
Tumor diseases
Diseases due to trauma

Biliary tract disorders are subdivided into:

  1. By localization: dysfunction of the gallbladder, dysfunction of the sphincter of Oddi.
  2. By etiology: primary, secondary.
  3. By functional state: hyperfunction, hypofunction.

Wilson-Konovalov disease

Liver dystrophy is a rather rare genetic disease, accompanied by impaired copper metabolism in the body, and accompanied by damage to the liver and central nervous system.

Symptoms and Signs

The external signs of the disease are different. The most frequently manifested picture of acute hepatitis or liver failure, hemolytic anemia together with neuropsychiatric disorders. Joint pain, fever and body aches are sometimes observed. The accumulation of copper over time without treatment can cause cirrhosis of the liver.

Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment
Wilson-Konovalov disease

The first signs appear at the age of 8-18 years, however, cirrhotic lesions can be observed in children under 5 years of age. In some cases, behavioral and emotional changes and tremors are the first neurological symptoms. Unfortunately, the symptoms of the disease are often perceived as manifestations of adolescence.

If left untreated, copper builds up in the body, leading to countless diseases, including diabetes, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, and mumps.

Causes

The main factor influencing the development of the disease is a congenital disorder of metabolic processes associated with copper. The mutated ATP7B gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 13, being transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner. The gene is responsible for encoding the P-type ATPase, which transports copper to bile, including it in ceruloplasmin.

Treatment methods

The therapy is carried out with the obligatory consultation of a geneticist. Depending on the damage to other systemic organs, a cardiologist, ophthalmologist, neurologist and gastroenterologist are involved in the treatment process.

The main scheme is the use of penicillamine and the simultaneous administration of B vitamins. The adequacy of the scheme is checked by regular monitoring of urinalysis and biochemical blood tests.

With the development of pain syndrome, treatment is supplemented with antispasmodics or analgesics. For dyspeptic disorders, enzyme-containing preparations are prescribed. With hepatic lesions, hepatoprotectors and drugs based on ursodeoxycholic acid are required.

In addition to drug treatment, the patient needs:

  • completely give up alcohol;
  • exclude the use of hepatotoxic drugs;
  • follow a diet with a minimum copper content.

The restriction includes the use of liver, kidneys, lamb and pork, duck and goose meat, seafood and fish, nuts, dried fruits, legumes and mushrooms, milk chocolate and cocoa.

Primary biliary cholangitis (cirrhosis)

It is a progressive non-suppurative inflammation of the intrahepatic ducts caused by a chronic autoimmune disorder.

Symptoms and Signs

Liver disease begins with persistent biochemical markers of cholestasis and symptoms of increased fatigue, itching. Visually, the liver does not change morphologically, and it is not possible to identify cholangitis on ultrasound.Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment

The disease is accompanied by an increase in lymph nodes at the gate of the liver. Histological examination of organ tissues reveals non-suppurative chronic inflammation of the ducts leading to the gallbladder.

Causes

The triggering mechanism of the disease has not yet been fully understood. The disease can be triggered by immune and epigenetic factors, chronic immune-mediated disruption of the epithelial lining of the bile ducts.

Treatment methods

Treatment consists in the use of immunosuppressive drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, antifibrinolytics. The diet should include sufficient protein and limit fat intake.

Symptomatic treatment of itchy skin consists in the use of sedatives. With bone loss, vitamin D and calcium-containing preparations are required.

Cholecystitis

The most common disease of the gallbladder and excretory ducts, which is of a chronic nature.

Symptoms and Signs

In most cases, symptoms appear at the end of a meal, especially after a heavy or fatty meal.

Symptoms requiring a doctor's examination:

  • Severe and persistent pain in the upper right side of the abdomen that can last for hours or even days.
  • Reflected pain in the right shoulder or back.
  • Sensitive to touch in the abdomen.
  • Sweating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, chills, and a feeling of bloating.
  • Exacerbation of pain with deep breathing.

Causes

Disease of the liver and gallbladder (symptoms of cholecystitis are expressed in pain) has a primary factor - the presence of stones in the gallbladder.

Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment

They block the entry of bile into the small intestine, cause it to accumulate in the gallbladder, after which inflammation develops. A serious complication of the disease is hepatic colic, which develops against the background of chronic cholecystitis.

Treatment methods

The main treatment for chronic inflammation is resection of the gallbladder. Sources of calculus formation are subject to removal. Laparoscopic removal of the gallbladder is prescribed routinely. After the operation, the bile juice flows directly into the duodenum and does not interfere with the digestion process.

Schematic treatment:

  • compliance with the dietary plan "table number 5 according to Pevzner";
  • elimination of alcohol;
  • anesthesia with anti-inflammatory drugs;
  • the appointment of antibiotic therapy;
  • elimination of biliary stasis by enhancing the peristalsis of the bile ducts.

Ascariasis of the liver and gallbladder

If roundworms enter the biliary tract, they can cause biliary ascariasis. Roundworms block the bile ducts and prevent the outflow of bile from the liver. The result is inflammation of the biliary tract (cholangitis) or encapsulated foci of inflammation in the liver (abscesses).

Symptoms and Signs

The main signs of infection do not differ from other liver diseases. Severe attacks of pain in the right upper abdomen appear abruptly and suddenly. Often there is vomiting of bile, high fever. If bile is not excreted for a long time, the skin and whites of the eyes may turn yellow (jaundice). If the liver becomes inflamed, there are signs of hepatitis.

Causes

The cause of infection is most often food contaminated with ascaris eggs.Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment Passing through intestinal cells into the bloodstream, eggs are transported to the liver tissue.

Treatment methods

Treatment of ascariasis of the gallbladder and ducts is exclusively surgical. The use of anti-ascarid drugs can provoke a blockage of the biliary tract. After specifying the degree of damage to the ducts during the operation, cholecystectomy is performed. In addition, in the postoperative period, it is necessary to use anti-ascariasis drugs to destroy the remaining helminths.

Hepatitis

Inflammatory liver disease, most commonly caused by viruses, is called hepatitis.

Symptoms and Signs

The most famous symptom is jaundice. Disruption of the processing of bilirubin leads to a change in skin color. Anicteric forms are accompanied by fever, headache, general malaise and body aches.

Stretching of the liver membrane leads to pain in the right hypochondrium. The pain syndrome can be aching, paroxysmal, intense and radiate to the right side of the shoulder girdle.

Causes

Inflammation of the liver is triggered by hepatotropic factors.

Damage to the parenchymal tissue of the liver can be caused by:

  • infectious viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F, G;
  • bacterial hepatitis associated with leptospirosis and syphilis;
  • parasitic invasions with opisthorchiasis, toxoplasmosis;
  • toxic hepatitis: alcoholic, medicinal and associated with poisoning with chemical reagents;
  • radiation sickness;
  • autoimmune, ischemic hepatitis.Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment

Viral hepatitis is transmitted through contaminated food and household items. Toxic is caused by aggressive drugs. Autoimmune hepatitis is more common in women. Its mechanism is based on the development of a congenital defect in the HLA II membrane receptors. A defect in the immune system leads to the development of a reaction against the liver's own cells.

Treatment methods

The therapy is used depending on the degree of development of the disease.

Acute hepatitis is treated in a hospital where certain conditions are met:

  • strict adherence to the diet "table number 5";
  • bed rest;
  • detoxification infusion therapy to restore liver function;
  • the appointment of hepatoprotective drugs;
  • correction of metabolism - the appointment of potassium preparations, vitamin complexes.

In a chronic course, a therapeutic diet is maintained, a decrease in physical activity is prescribed. To normalize the digestive processes, hepatoprotective drugs are required. They are involved in the regeneration of liver tissue. As a treatment for autoimmune hepatitis, the intake of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants is used.

Cirrhosis of the liver

Disease of the liver and gallbladder, the symptoms of which are acute, chronic, can be expressed in fibrotic changes in the liver parenchyma. Cirrhosis (contraction of the liver) is caused by the destruction of normal liver tissue and its transformation into connective tissue or scar tissue. The more healthy tissue is lost, the worse the organ does its job.

Symptoms and Signs

Minimal manifestations can be seen in the form of flatulence and decreased performance. Later, pain in the right hypochondrium, caused by a violation of the dietary plan or alcohol intake, joins. Pain syndrome is not relieved by antispasmodic drugs. There is also a rapid feeling of fullness in the stomach and itchy skin. Further, the disease leads to the development of jaundice, varicose bleeding of hemorrhoidal veins and ascites.

Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment
Cirrhosis of the liver

A characteristic sign of the disease is expressed in a specific thickening of the phalanges of the fingers and changes in the nail plates. Erythema and dilation of small vessels appear on the palms. Men are characterized by an increase in mammary glands and a decrease in the volume of testicles.

Causes

The vast majority of cases of the disease are caused by alcohol abuse, infection with viral hepatitis B and C. Alcoholic liver disease is caused by the regular consumption of 80-160 ml of ethanol. The chronic course of hepatitis leads to the transformation of liver tissue. With hepatitis C, a destructive picture of cirrhosis develops more often. Cirrhosis can be a consequence of chronic autoimmune hepatitis, bile stasis, or narrowing of the bile ducts.

Treatment methods

Therapy involves stopping tissue degeneration, compensating for functional disorders and preventing complications. Non-drug methods include following a special diet and exercising. Pharmacotherapy includes the use of hepatoprotectors and drugs that remove ammonia. Severe ascites is removed laparoscopically. Alternative blood flow is formed by vascular shunting. The cardinal treatment is donor organ transplantation.

Cholangitis

Cholangitis, often called ascending cholangitis, is an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts. caused by a bacterial infection that occurs against the background of a blockage in the bile ducts, usually after the stone has exited. The accumulated liquid without drainage is a fertile ground for the growth of bacteria, which usually originate from the digestive tract. Therefore, the disease was named "ascending cholangitis".

Symptoms and Signs

The classic signs of cholangitis include fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. In severe cases, the patient's condition may worsen - the pressure decreases and confusion develops.

Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment

This condition is a medical emergency and can be life threatening.

Causes

A bacterial infection of the biliary tract causes an inflammatory response to cholangitis. Sometimes other biliary outflow disorders can lead to cholangitis, such as a swelling of the pancreas that blocks the common bile duct, preventing bile from flowing. The bacteria that cause inflammation in the bile ducts are usually gram-negative from the digestive tract: teichoic acids and Calabashila, as well as enterococcus, a gram-positive bacterium found in intestines.

Treatment methods

Initial treatment for cholangitis includes appropriate antibiotic treatment and intravenous fluids.

There are a number of possible protocols for taking antibiotics:

  • intended for the treatment of gram-negative bacteria (for example, ciprofloxacin);
  • gram-positive bacteria (penicillin and cephalosporin drugs);
  • anaerobic bacteria (usually metronidazole).

Sometimes this treatment is sufficient, but when the stone blocks the bile ducts completely, it should be removed. Removing the blockage causes the accumulated bile to drain. The opening of the bile ducts is done through a medical procedure called ERCP.

Gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the bladder or biliary tract. It is a relatively common malignant neoplasm, more common in people aged 60-70, and its frequency is increasing among women.

Symptoms

Signs include:

  • pain in the upper right corner of the abdomen;
  • loss of appetite, weight;
  • jaundice;
  • fever;
  • the formation of palpable bumps (in advanced cases of the disease);
  • accumulation of fluid in the abdomen (hydration),
  • obstruction of the duodenum.

Causes

To date, the specific cause of gallbladder cancer is unknown, but it has been observed that a significant percentage of patients have previously suffered from gallstones. Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatmentPeople at high risk of developing gallbladder cancer suffer from chronic intestinal infection or Crohn's disease, congenital bile duct defects, and infections.

Treatment methods

The type of treatment depends on your general health, the location of the tumor, its size, and the extent to which it has spread outside the gallbladder.

 Therapies  Methods
Surgery Resection of the gallbladder and regional lymph nodes, and sometimes part of the liver.
Radiation therapy During treatment, high energy is radiated to the affected area. While the rays destroy cancer cells, they do little harm to healthy cells. This treatment can be done individually or in combination with surgical treatment.
Chemotherapy Treatment with injections of a special substance that destroys cancer cells.

In some cases, treatment is done during radiation therapy to increase the sensitivity of cells to radiation.

Fatty liver

Disease of the liver and gallbladder, the symptoms of which should be alarming, is often associated with fatty liver. This is a condition in which fat accumulates in the liver regardless of alcohol consumption. Fatty hepatosis is usually asymptomatic, but in extreme cases it can cause serious complications such as cirrhosis and end-stage liver failure.

Fat accumulates in the liver when the organ is unable to break it down well. The more fat accumulates, the higher the risk of developing cirrhosis or end-stage liver failure, so it is important to stop the disease as soon as possible.

Symptoms and Signs

Many cases of the development of the fatty layer of the liver do not cause symptoms and end in a slight dysfunction of the liver, which is evident when taking a blood test.

With advanced conditions, symptoms appear:

  • extreme tiredness;
  • weight loss;
  • abdominal pain (especially in the upper right corner of the abdomen);
  • general malaise.

If symptoms persist for a long period of time and no improvement is seen, a doctor should be consulted.

Causes

There may be several factors contributing to the development of fatty hepatosis:

  • High levels of cholesterol and triglycerides increase the risk of their accumulation and contribute to the development of fatty hepatosis.Diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Symptoms, treatment
  • Obesity is the most common cause of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Weight loss usually improves organ health, so maintaining a healthy weight is essential.
  • Sometimes medications cause fatty liver, so it is important to inform your doctor about new or any other medications you are taking.

Treatment methods

Although in most cases this phenomenon has no clinical signs, it is important to know the condition and take timely measures to avoid complications in the future.

There is currently no cure for lowering liver fat, and much of the effort is focused on lowering the risk factors that lead to fat accumulation in the liver:

  • It is important to completely stop drinking alcohol.
  • Eat a proper diet and exercise.
  • Lowering the level of lipids in the blood. This is done with appropriate medications, dietary changes, and exercise.

The liver is an important organ of the human body. If he stops working even for one day, the person will simply die. Unfortunately, she is the least thought of. It's time to change your point of view and start giving it the attention it deserves. Any suspicious symptoms should be a reason for going to the hospital.

Liver disease is one of the leading causes of high mortality in the world. Choosing the right lifestyle is the best way to take care of your liver and gallbladder.

Video about diseases of the liver and biliary

Clinic of diseases of the liver and gallbladder:

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