Central nervous system: structure, function, interaction with other structures of the brain

The nervous system contributes to the regulation of the work of the whole organism. It determines its functional unity and guarantees the interaction of the body with external factors. The central nervous system is considered the main component of the entire NS. It includes neurons and nerve endings, as well as accessory glia.

Each cell, system and organ is a single whole. They provide interaction and well-coordinated functioning of the body. The central nervous system helps him in this. This component of the organism is presented as structural units and endings of different lengths and purposes.

General information

The central nervous system is the main component of the NA. It includes 2 sections: the brain and spinal cord. Its purpose is to control all important processes inside the body.

Brain is responsible for thought processes, speech, orientation in space. It contributes to the proper functioning of the senses, ranging from normal temperature sensitivity to visual and auditory functions.

The spinal cord is involved in the regulation of the body's work, helps to ensure the coordination of their activities and is responsible for motor activity. Given the large number of functions of the central nervous system, clinical symptoms that allow us to suspect a neoplasm in the brain or spinal cord, can be varied: from malfunctions of behavioral functions to inability to make movements parts of the body.

The structure of the central nervous system

The central nervous system is formed of 2 sections: the brain and spinal cord, which interact due to peripheral department. She is responsible for these feelings:

• hearing and sight, light and sound perception, reaction to external stimuli;
• sense of smell and touch, through which the perception of the external world and the environment occurs;
• emotional perception, sensitivity;
• memorization and thinking, mental activity.

The structure of the brain of the central nervous system includes gray and white matter. The first represents nerve cells with small processes. This substance occupies the central part of the spinal cord, including its canal. Inside the brain, the gray matter is considered the main element of the cortex, possessing scattered white formations. White is located under the gray and in structure is formed from fibers that are involved in the emergence of nerve processes. These ligaments form a nerve ending.

Meninges of the brain

The central nervous system is surrounded by membranes that differ from each other:

• Solid - external. It is directly formed in the skull, in the hollow formation of the spine.
• Cobweb cover. This formation is equipped with nerve endings and blood vessels, located under the outer shell.
• Vascular. In the middle of the 2 and 3 membranes, there is also a cavity filled with medulla. It includes a complex of arteries, veins that perform the work of blood vessels. This cover directly connects to the brain, getting inside it.

Brain

This organ is characterized by a simple structure and includes the following departments:

• An extended formation - the trunk (cerebellum), which is responsible for the condition of the muscles, motor activity and orientation in space, as well as for the work of the cerebral hemispheres.
• The main component, which includes the higher centers, which represent reason, intellectual activity, speech, are the hemispheres of the brain. They are formed from the nucleus, the white membrane and the cerebral cortex, which protects other layers.
• The cerebellum, which ensures the proper functioning of the central nervous system, is a layer of gray matter that is located outside.
• Trunk - an element, which is not characterized by layer-by-layer separation, is formed from 1 array. It is not subdivided into colors. This component communicates directly with other elements and helps to correct respiratory function, blood circulation, and motor activity.

Proper brain function contributes to the full functioning of the central nervous system.

Spinal cord

This organ looks like a cylinder outwardly and is located deep in the spinal column, has protection as a bone formation. The organ itself is located under the shell.

It occupies 2/3 of the entire central NA and is considered a kind of conductor for a nerve impulse. Information from touch, temperature changes, pressure, pain passes through it to the brain, and motor function and various reflexes go from the brain bypassing the spinal cord to all parts body.

If you look at the spinal cord in section, it is possible to find a gray matter, similar in shape to a moth or the letter "H", covered with a white film. Some of the conductive ducts begin inside the white matter and end in the gray. A large number of fibers that are in the white shell provide the interconnection of various sections of the gray matter. They are found inside the spinal cord.

Central nervous system functions

The structure of each person presupposes the presence of a large number of systems and internal organs that interact with each other. However, each of them is aimed at maintaining the proper functioning of the individual, his protection, support, nutrition. The interaction of systems with each other is ensured by the operation of the central NS. Directly, it becomes a regulating factor in the processes that take place inside the body. Through it, the direction of functioning changes, the rhythm of work is established and all the necessary conditions are provided.

The central nervous system performs important functions, in the absence of which the body cannot provide its vital functions.

Integration

May be due to the consolidation of functions. It is divided into the following forms:

• Nervous. It unites the departments of the central NS. For example, a food product is taken that has a hue and smell, which is a conditioned irritant. Inside the body, various kinds of reflex manifestations will begin to occur at the sight of food: saliva will begin to be produced, gastric juice will be produced. In such a situation, it is possible to notice a combination of behavioral, nutritional and physical purposes.
• Humoral. It is a combination of various functions that are based on the liquid substance of the body in combination with hormones. For example, various hormones of internal secretion have the peculiarity of acting in a synchronous manner, only increasing the influence of each. However, there is a possibility of staged production, when 1 of the hormones enhances the effect of 2. The process ends with an increase in the activity of other functions. Thus, adrenaline is able to develop tachycardia, increase the glucose content in the bloodstream, start ventilation of the lungs, etc.
• Mechanical. This form is required to perform some function that provides overall integrity. When any of the internal organs or parts of the body are injured, changes will occur in the structure, which subsequently leads to disruption of the functioning of the body.

Correlation

This function is required in order to most effectively form the interaction of systems, internal organs and processes. It helps to bring their activities together. The correlation function of the CNS helps to ensure proper function within the body.

Regulation

Having ensured the activity of the entire central NS, it is required to control important indicators of the body. The main element of this control is reflexes, the organization of processes through which there is an adaptation to changing internal conditions, external environment. Nerve endings can also have an effect.

Coordination

This function ensures the synchronization and consistency of actions of each of the elements of the system. Change of position, any motor activity, orientation in space, adaptation of reactions to what is happening, work and physical activity are components that are clearly coordinated and directed central NS.

Relationship with the outside world

The central NS assumes a center that forms the relationship and transfer of data from the external environment to internal systems and organs for further correlation of activities.

Cognition and adaptation

This function is required to adapt to various kinds of circumstances, the selection of the necessary the given moment of the behavioral model in difficult cases, as well as adaptation for a specific type activities. By means of this system, proper adaptation to various external factors is guaranteed.

The structure of the central NS has a lot of features and elements responsible for the proper functioning. Therefore, any minimal changes can become an obstacle to the proper functioning of the body. Directly because of this, you need to monitor your health, pay attention to all its pathologies in time and eliminate disorders in the interaction of specific components of the central nervous system. It is necessary to carefully plan your daily routine, properly distribute forces, allocate time for quality rest, and adjust your sleep schedule. A balanced diet, which should consist of natural food products, is essential. You should walk outside every day and do simple gymnastic exercises that help maintain the body in appropriate conditions, and the body in harmony.