Diabetes
Diabetes

Emergency care for hyperglycemia

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Hyperglycemia can overtake both healthy people and patients with pathologies of the endocrine system. Providing correct first aid and quick response are the basic principles of saving a person from a hyperglycemic coma.

Emergency care for hyperglycemia

Etiology of the

status The normal range of glucose concentrations in the bloodstream is 3.3-5.5 mmol / l. For the normalization of the sugar concentration in the blood, the hormone insulin, secreted by the pancreas, answers. When the level of insulin in the blood drops due to the lack of work of the gland, the glucose concentration can reach 7 mmol / l and higher. This condition is called hyperglycaemia.

Hyperglycemia may be short-lived or prolonged-both are dangerous to human life and require immediate medical attention. At the same time, people need help and call for emergency medical care.

First aid

While waiting for an ambulance, the patient receives first aid for hyperglycemia. To do this:

  • Rinse the stomach with a solution of soda in warm water to remove acetone from the body and reduce acidity;
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  • Wipe the body of a person moistened in water and squeezed out with a towel, give plenty of water to drink - these actions fill the lack of fluid in the body;
  • To neutralize the increased acidity, the patient is given mineral water containing carbonates and sodium, as well as vegetables and fruits.

Emergency care for hyperglycemia

  • Since the condition usually occurs against the background of hormonal diseases and diabetes mellitus in particular, the patient is administered a dose of insulin to neutralize glucose in the bloodstream.
  • In addition, it is necessary to take a recumbent position, and further adhere to low-carbohydrate diet and insulin delivery regimen. The patient is shown a good rest and sleep. First aid in hyperglycemia helps to avoid not only complications, but also coma.

Causes of the disease

Lowering the insulin level in the blood and increasing the glucose concentration is the direct cause of hyperglycemia. Such a sharp jump can be triggered by the following reasons:

  • Carbon monoxide poisoning;
  • Intoxication of the body;
  • Severe pain, which provokes the release of adrenaline and thyroxine, which is especially dangerous for patients with thyrotoxicosis;
  • Pregnancy;
  • Strong emotional shock;
  • Blood loss;
  • Hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex;
  • Hypovitaminosis, especially when there is a lack of ascorbic acid and B vitamins.

The main cause remains a sharp fluctuation of the hormonal background and a failure of the endocrine-nervous regulation responsible for carbohydrate metabolism. The condition is normalized by the introduction of the missing hormone into the blood.

Emergency care for hyperglycemia

Classification of the disease

In the chronic system, hyperglycemia is characterized as a pre-diabetic condition. Depending on the cause of the condition, as well as the clinical picture and duration, the following types of hyperglycemia are distinguished:

  • Hormonal - caused by a violation of the hormonal balance in the patient's body;
  • Emotional - a sharp decrease in insulin in the blood as a result of strong psychoemotional shocks;
  • Alimentary - increased blood sugar after a meal;
  • Chronic - it develops due to insufficient functions of the pancreas.
  • Alimentary is observed in all patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, although other types of hyperglycemia may develop on the background of the disease.

Hormonal hyperglycemia

The disease develops on the background of increasing concentrations of certain hormones in the blood with diseases of the endocrine system. Influence on the level of glucose in the blood can not only insulin, but also hormones such as glucagon, catecholamines, glucocorticoids and T3, T4 thyroid-stimulating hormones of the thyroid gland.

To catecholamines raising the level of sugar, adrenaline and norepinephrine, discharged into the blood under stress and severe pain syndrome, are included. That is why when emotional upheavals the glucose level increases dramatically.

Emergency care for hyperglycemia

Thyroid-stimulating hormones are produced in excess in thyrotoxicosis or nodular thyroid diseases, it is believed that this is a purely female disease.

Emotional

Stresses and bursts of emotion cause the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream. The work of the hormone is to dilate the pupils, increase blood pressure, activate intestinal peristalsis and work the muscle fibers. Since the work of muscles requires glucose, the sympathetic and thyroid systems of the body are connected, aimed at increasing the concentration of sugar in the blood and its transport to muscle fibers.

Almentary

If you consume large amounts of carbohydrates, the blood glucose level rises within an hour after a meal. In the normal state of a healthy organism, this level is reduced by the release of insulin. If a person is suffering from diabetes, then not only adjusting the level of glucose after meals and injecting insulin, but also a correction of nutrition, which should be deleted:

  • Bakery;
  • Confectionery;
  • Sugar, honey;
  • Pasta;
  • Potatoes;
  • Bananas.

Emergency care for hyperglycemia

This minimum list of high-carbohydrate foods can be supplemented by the attending physician-endocrinologist.

Chronic

This form of the disease develops against the background of type 2 diabetes. Lowering the production of insulin in the blood is the first reason for the development of this condition. The cause of the decline is either hereditary factors, or damage to pancreatic cells.

The chronic form can be a jerky and postprandial. The first develops during fasting of the patient for eight hours and longer. The second, on the contrary, is manifested after eating, regardless of the quality content of the meal.

The chronic form can be severe, moderate and mild. Light is characterized by the concentration of sugar in the range of 6.7-8.1 mmol / l. The average characterizes the concentration of glucose in the range of 8.3-11 mmol / l. Severe hyperglycemia develops at 11.1 mmol / L and higher, threatening hyperglycemic coma and death.

Symptoms of

For first aid, it is necessary first of all to recognize the increase in glucose in the blood. If there is a glucometer for this, the assistance will be most faithful. In the absence of a home blood glucose meter, the following symptoms should be addressed:

  • Emotional incontinence, irritability;
  • Strong thirst - up to 3-5 liters per day;Chills, fever, numbness of the lips;
  • Strong appetite, hunger;
  • Cutting headache;
  • Increased sweating and salivation;
  • Broken concentration of attention;
  • Severe fatigue;
  • Dry, flaky skin;
  • Odor of acetone in breathing;
  • Frequent urge to empty the bladder.

Emergency care for hyperglycemia

The smell of acetone, frequent urination and thirst are the most reliable signs of increased sugar. Acetone is formed by the cleavage of fat cells, which the body uses to feed other cells of the body instead of glucose.

It would seem that glucose is too much to feed cells, but the latter use glucose only after splitting it with insulin. Sugar circulating in the blood is unsuitable for nutrition, because cells use lipids, the cleavage of which forms ketones and acetone in particular.

Thirst is caused by violation of water-salt metabolism and frequent urination - so the body tries to get rid of excess glucose, removing it with urine.

Pediatric hyperglycemia

In children, the concentration ranges at which hyperglycemia can be diagnosed differ slightly. Elevated values ​​are in the range of 5.5-6.5 mmol / l. In some cases, children tolerate hyperglycemia asymptomatically, but this does not mean that the asymptomatic course does not cause complications.

The most common increase in blood glucose in older children and infants develops against the background of sepsis, meningitis, encephalitis and other serious diseases. If the child has transferred them, and hyperglycemia has been diagnosed before, at home it is necessary to have a glucometer to monitor glucose in the blood every day and not to allow dangerous conditions.

Also, elevated sugar worries children who were born with a weight of less than 1.5 kg or premature babies. The danger of the disease lies in the fact that its asymptomatic course leads to complications even more severe than in adult patients. Children are at risk of damage to the brain cells, swelling and hemorrhage.

Symptoms can be manifested in tearfulness, thirst, food demand, insomnia, capriciousness, perspiration on the skin, increased saliva separation. If such symptoms are found, it is necessary to check blood sugar and immediately call an ambulance, meanwhile wiping the baby's body with a wet towel and water.

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