analysis The PSA oncomarker is necessary for the detection of malignant tumors in the prostate gland. In many cases, this technique is used to monitor the overall health of the patient. Such a survey is assigned to men over 45 years of age. This is due to the peculiarities of the hormonal system. Do not be afraid to go for analysis. It helps to determine the initial stage of cancer. In this case, the patient receives the necessary treatment in a timely manner. Cancer does not go into stage 2.Also, the oncomarker helps to establish the presence of a metastatic process. All these data are determined by the results of the analysis.
What is needed for the analysis of
The oncomarker is used to study the number of prostatic specific antigens. These substances are in the secretion of the prostate.
The prostate gland is needed by a man for several functions. It produces a small amount of androgens. These hormones are responsible for male sexual characteristics. A sufficient number of them helps maintain sexual function. Also in the prostate are produced antigens. They are needed to make up the fluid that is the basis of the ejaculate. The secret of a healthy man should contain a small amount of PSA.If this indicator changes, in the body go oncological processes. The higher the figure, the stronger the cancer hit the prostate.
The analysis is also used to monitor the health of men over 45 years of age. At this age, the patient often has a decrease in the functioning of the hormonal system. The amount of androgens decreases. This causes additional changes in the work of the prostate gland. Against the backdrop of this process, a stasis stays in the body. It affects the development of inflammation in the glandular layer. Inflammation is accompanied by a violation of the prostate. Gradually, this process causes a change in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the prostate. In men at this age, prostate adenoma is diagnosed. If the patient does not receive the necessary therapy, prostatitis can go into a malignant form. In order to establish this process on time and the oncomarker is necessary.
In some cases, an oncomarker study is conducted to exclude cancer in the organ. When researching a patient, certain indicators are revealed. On them the doctor can draw a conclusion, to what form the neoplasm belongs. The oncomarker is used in patients who have a prostate tumor of unclear etiology. Due to this procedure it is possible to determine with accuracy the type of neoplasm without additional studies.
Recently, often there is a discrepancy between the indicators of the tumor marker and the nature of the tumor. This is due to improper preparation for the examination and the presence of additional therapeutic effects. For this reason, doctors recommend that men comply with all conditions for the correct outcome of the oncomarker.
Preparatory activities
In order for the result to be correct, certain rules must be observed. The preparatory measures include the following conditions:
- Elimination of alcohol-containing beverages;
- Sexual rest;
- Power control;
- No direct effects on the prostate;
- Break in drug treatment.
The result is completely dependent on the characteristics of the life of a man. Before collecting the sample, it is necessary to exclude the intake of alcohol-containing liquids. They have a negative effect on the composition of the secret. This is due to a decrease in blood circulation in the small pelvis. The vascular lumen against the background of alcohol intake becomes narrow. The permeability of the walls is reduced. This affects the amount of incoming substances to the prostate gland. Due to this, tissues cease to actively self-renew. There is a decrease in the function of the organ. It stops active secret production. In this case, the content of PSA decreases in the liquid. A smaller amount of antigens enters the bloodstream. The indicators of the oncomarker will be invalid.
Analysis requires a man to have a short sexual rest. This is necessary to increase the concentration of PSA in the blood. With sexual contact, a part of the seminal secret is removed from the prostate. The cells are renewed. The process can last up to 5 days. For this reason, you should give up sex one week before the study. Refusal implies any type of sexual intercourse accompanied by ejaculation.
It is necessary to pay attention to food preferences. Men often abuse fried foods and spices. Such food negatively affects the quality of the secret. The liquid becomes denser. The acidity index changes. This can affect the erroneous result of the oncomarker.
It should be borne in mind that the indicators vary with different types of examination of the prostate. The organ reacts to such types of examinations as: palpation of the prostate, taking the tissue for examination, vasectomy, laser treatment, various operations, manual treatment. These manipulations entail a change in the work of the prostate. It reduces the production of liquid. The concentration of PSA in the blood decreases.
It is also recommended to give up various activities that lead to increased pressure on the prostate. Such activities include cycling, weight lifting, power gymnastics. All these exercises are accompanied by a decrease in blood circulation in the small pelvis. This can lead to a violation of the permeability of the walls of the vessels. Oxygen ceases to arrive in the required quantity. PSA indicators change.
If the patient does not follow the rules, he must report this to the specialist. The doctor must postpone the study for another time. Hiding this fact can affect the error result.
Analysis of
The PSA tumor marker marker is performed in the morning. This condition must be strictly observed. Antigens are subjected to a certain decomposition. If the sample is taken during the day, then the amount of antigens will be small. Collection should be done until 11 pm. The rest of the time, the blood on the PSA is not examined.
The fluid is drawn from the vein. For analysis, take 5-10 ml of blood. During the procedure, the patient may have unpleasant sensations. This doctor must warn the man before the collection of blood.
After taking a sample, the puncture should be squeezed. This will help reduce bleeding. It is also recommended to donate blood on an empty stomach. A man should not drink and eat before the oncomarker. Ordinary water is forbidden.
The sample is placed in a sterile flask and referred to a laboratory for examination. The liquid can be placed in an empty container or in a special gel. It allows the cells to not decompose for a long time.
Normal antigen indicators
The oncomarker indicates the amount of PSA in the blood. To correctly read the result, you need to know the normal indicators. Normally, the result is up to 4 ng / ml. This result indicates the absence of oncological processes in the prostate gland. If the indices are higher, then in the prostate there are pathological changes. It should be noted that the figure of up to 10 ng / ml indicates the presence of the following ailments in the body:
- prostate cancer at stage 1;
- Benign hyperplasia;
- Bacterial form of prostatitis;
- Inflammatory process, accompanied by edema.
Also the normal result depends on the age of the man. Since age, the patient has a disruption in the hormonal system. It depends on the function of the pituitary and prostate. These factors are observed in patients after 40 years. For this reason, you should know that the norm for young men is 2-3 ng / ml. After 40 years the result should not exceed 4 ng / ml. After 60 years, a positive result is 5 ng / ml. Elderly men can have different results regardless of the presence of cancer.
How to evaluate the result of the analysis of
Many patients are interested in how to evaluate the result. Evaluation is considered in steps of 10 ng / ml. The norm for a healthy male is considered to be values not exceeding 4 ng / ml.
If the result is in the range of up to 10 ng / ml, an additional examination of the patient should be performed. This result may indicate an initial stage of cancer. In this case, PSA increases in the blood. Also, the patient should be interviewed for accurate compliance with the training rules. If they are not met, the result may be erroneous. In this case, it is necessary to appoint an additional blood take on the oncomarker. Repeated research will confirm or disprove the result. Do not be afraid of this figure. At this stage, tumors that do not cause oncology can be diagnosed. Also 10 ng / ml can be detected due to benign organ hyperplasia.
A positive result for prostate cancer is an indicator of 10 to 40 ng / ml. In this case, the patient is confirmed with prostate cancer. The figure helps the oncologist to determine the stage of development of the tumor. Selection of therapy is carried out only after further study of the patient's condition.
The most undesirable result is an index exceeding 41 ng / ml. In this case, the patient has a process of metastasis. Metastases are characteristic for the 4th stage of oncology. At the same time, the disease spreads rapidly. This is due to the characteristics of the cancer. With oncology of the prostate, there is an intracellular change. Cancer causes DNA chain breakdown. In this case, the cell changes its functions. The gradual reproduction of atypical cells causes the tumor to grow into the bloodstream. The tumor begins to separate. The exfoliated cells enter the bloodstream and are carried throughout the body by blood vessels. These cells also have the ability to divide. Formed areas are called metastases.
If a patient exhibits metastases, the cancer does not respond to various therapeutic effects. Confirm this process is possible only with the re-holding of the PSA tumor marker.
Accuracy of the
analysis The analysis is not always valid. There is evidence that a negative test reveals oncology of the prostate. This can happen because of the characteristics of the circulatory system of men. With a lower permeability of the walls, a small amount of antigens enters the liquid. The required number of PSA in the channel does not accumulate. The result in this case will be erroneous.
Cancer is a terrible ailment of modern people. It is impossible to establish the exact cause of the disease. A combination of factors causes mutation of cells, which cause oncology. To monitor health, an annual antigen test is recommended to a man. An effective way to determine the cancer is the PSA tumor marker.
