Neuromuscular Diseases

Spasmophilia: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

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spasmophilia in children Spasmophilia or childhood tetany occurs in young children in the period from 3 to 24 months, with boys more prone to the disease.

This pathological condition with increased neuromuscular excitability and the presence of clonic convulsive attacks is caused by the failure of the exchange of minerals, namely calcium phosphorus.

There are two forms of spasmophilia:

  • latent - latent, especially noticeable muscle contraction of the muscles of the face, brush, fleeting respiratory arrest during the application of external stimuli;
  • is an obvious - a manifestation, very often arising from a latent form due to the minimal amount of vitamin D in the body, manifests itself as laryngospasm, carpopedal spasm and eclampsia.

This disease is directly associated with rickets, which is confirmed by the presence of hypocalcemia, hyperphosphataemia.

Content

  • General disease description
  • What provokes
  • violation clinical picture
    • latent form
    • manifest forms
    • Children tetany
    • development of laryngospasm
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  • Diagnosis: instrumental methods and syndromes
  • Treatment spazmofilii
  • Dangers and forecasts

General disease description

manifestation of disease falls on thethe same age as rickets, as these two diseases are etiologically and pathologically interrelated. The calciphenic state of tetany, is accompanied by spasm of the muscles of the face, larynx, limbs.

In today's world of children's tetanus, 3.5-4% of children with obvious signs of rickets are affected. Such a small percentage indicates that the number of manifestations of rickets in severe form has decreased.

With obvious form of spasmophilia, medical staff and parents should be fully prepared to assist the baby in restoring vital functions.

The baby is crying

A tetanoid state over a long period of time leads to disruption of the CNS, delayed development of the psyche, and occasionally to death.

What causes the development of a violation of

Because of the failure of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, there is a drop in the saturation of total and ionized calcium in the blood, combined with alkalosis and hyperphosphataemia.

Increasing the amount of inorganic phosphorus is preceded by:

  • feeding the baby with cow's milk, when excess phosphorus is excreted in a partial volume;
  • overdose when taking vitamin D2 and D3 because of self-medication or as a result of uncontrolled appointment by a pediatrician;
  • absorption of a large percentage of the skin exposed to ultraviolet rays in the spring.

Pathogenesis of spasmophilia

As a result of the metabolite of vitamin D at a high level:

  • the quality of the parathyroid gland decreases;
  • there is a change in the alkaline blood supply, in the neglected version there is alkalosis;
  • is stimulated by the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestine or trace elements are excreted in the urine in an increased amount, the reabsorption of amino acids begins in the renal tubules;
  • bone tissue of the baby accumulates calcium above the limit, which causes the blood level to drop in the blood, and the amount of potassium rises, which leads to hyperkalemia.

Also the causes of super-muscular-nervous activity and convulsive readiness may be a drop in blood level:

  • magnesium;
  • sodium;
  • chlorides;
  • of vitamins B1 and B6.

In this case, any unfavorable factor - fright, cry, crying, viral disease, vomiting, a temperature jump can become a provocation of a seizure attack.

Babies breastfeeding almost never get spasmophilia, at-risk groups are artificial and premature babies.

Clinical picture of

Symptoms of spasmophilia will depend on the stage, shape, course and type of the disease.

Latent form

The latent form of the disease runs from several weeks to several months, often in such babies there are all the symptoms of rickets:

  • excessive sweating;
  • tachycardia;
  • anxiety in the night;
  • emotional lability;
  • phobia;
  • failure of the digestive tract.

Manifest form

Eclampsic convulsions - begin with a muscle twitching of the face, neck, limbs, gradually seize the whole body. During the attack: A child without consciousness

  • the infant is unconscious;
  • face is painted red;
  • there is a tachycardia, a failure of breath, a common cyanosis;
  • uncontrolled urination and defecation;
  • release of foam from the mouth;
  • because of increased intracranial pressure, the large fontanel is strained.

This position lasts from several minutes to several hours.

Eclampsia is dangerous by stopping breathing or cardiac work.

Pediatric tetany

Aetania is expressed in carpopedic spasm, lasting from 3 to 4 hours to several days, with:

  • the child is overcome by severe pain;
  • because of the long period of spasm of the limb can swell;
  • marks the bending of the hands to the maximum limits in elbows and wrists, the shift of the shoulders to the body, the bending of the hands.

Children

Development of laryngospasm

Laryngospasm or cramps of the glottis are a clear symptom of spasmophilia. It can develop in the process of crying or without obvious causes, it happens up to several times a day. With moderate spasm, the child pales, there is a characteristic breath with a whistle, with a complete blockage of the gap arises:

  • cold sweat;
  • cyanosis;
  • minute unconsciousness;
  • apnea;
  • loud exhalation with further noisy breathing;
  • is going to sleep.

The danger lies in the possible death.

There are also local single spasms in the region:

  • of the eye muscles - an emerging squint;
  • chewing muscles - trismus, stiff neck;
  • smooth muscles - uncontrolled defecation and urination.

A clear form of illness overcomes a baby from a couple of days to 2 - 3 weeks.

Diagnosis: instrumental methods and syndromes

Diagnosis of manifest spasmophilia is not a complicated process, clinical and radiological signs of rheumatism are taken into account, confirmation of cases of seizures and spasms.

When latent it is necessary to carry out mechanical or skin-galvanic tests to determine the level of nervous and muscular activity, while detecting the presence of symptoms:

  • TAILING - when tapping a finger or a hammer at the exit of branches of the facial nerve - the cheekbone, the jiggle of the A tail symptom corner of the eye or mouth;
  • Tissot syndrome - when compressing the neurovascular bundle of the arm, the muscles of the hand involuntarily contract, leading to the position of the "hand of the obstetrician";
  • symptom Lusta - tapping in the region of the head of the fibula, where the peroneal nerve emerges, causes flexion of the foot with its retraction to the side;
  • Erba - the effect of electric discharge on the median nerve of the elbow leads to compression of the fingers of the palm;
  • Maslova phenomenon - a reaction to the painful process, for example, the injection does not cause a prolonged respiratory arrest, with healthy children this does not happen, as they get faster at the moment of injection.

Treatment of spasmophilia

If spasmophilia is latent, as evidenced by a specialist after diagnosis, emphasis is placed on the change in nutrition:

  • for 8 - 12 hours arrange a water break;
  • babies are fed exclusively by mother's milk, if the toddler is looking for a donor;calcium gluconate
  • can add a sour-milk liquid product;
  • older children prescribe carbohydrate diet - puree from vegetables, cereals, tea with breadcrumbs, juices, vitamins;
  • to completely get rid of the signs of the disease should give babies calcium gluconate until the full restoration of its level in the blood.

It should also be carried out anti-cancer activities - gymnastics, a long stay in the open air, massaging the whole body.

If spasmophilia explicitly prescribes anticonvulsant medications:

  • Diazepam is inside the muscle, into the root of the tongue or by insertion into a vein;
  • Sodium oxybutyrate intramuscularly;
  • Phenobarbital - drink or in rectal candles;
  • Chloral hydrate in enema;
  • 10% calcium gluconate solution intravenously;
  • 25% magnesium sulfate solution.

Seduxen or 20% gamma of hydroxybutyric acid can be used to achieve a rapid effect, the result is visible immediately, but the duration of its effect is only 30 minutes.

After normalization, barbiturates are treated with barbiturates for six months - a year.

When laryngospasm or eclampsia at the time of stopping breathing or cardiac activity, it is necessary to carry out resuscitative actions followed by masked inhalation of 100% oxygen.

To return spontaneous breathing, one can sprinkle face with cool water, shake a baby, pat on the priest, take it out of the room.

Dangers and predictions of

Cramps in the baby In general, the disease ends favorably. After 2 - 3 years, the pathology disappears due to the stabilization of the proportions of calcium and phosphorus in the blood.

In severe cases, it is important not only the proper treatment, but also the observance of a prolonged preventive period.
Lethal outcome occurs extremely rarely due to suffocation during prolonged laryngospasm, cardiac arrest, or breathing.

With a long period of eclampsia, there is a deviation in the mental development of the baby.

In order not to encounter such serious problems it is important to provide the baby with the necessary amount of trace elements in a timely manner, monitor his state and behavior, and seek the help of a pediatrician and a children's neurologist with the slightest signs of tetanus.

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