Diseases Of The Intestine
Diseases Of The Intestine

Inflammation of the sigmoid colon( sigmoiditis): symptoms, treatment, drugs

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1 Anatomy of the sigmoid colon

Where is the sigmoid colon located? The human intestine consists of a thin and large intestine connected to each other. They have different purposes, so in the small intestines the food is digested and decomposed by the action of enzymes into simpler compounds, which are then absorbed into the blood. In the large intestine, further absorption of glucose, water and electrolyte salts is carried out. Along with this dehydrated mass forms feces. A long stool in the sigmoid colon provokes poisoning of the body and development of an allergy.

The sigmoid colon, due to its configuration, delays the advance of feces from the descending colon. The length of this S-shaped section varies from 10 to 67 cm depending on the physique of the person. Normally it is in the left ileum, but it has a long elastic mesenteric ligament. Thanks to this, the gut can easily change its location. This significantly complicates the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the sigmoid colon, since pain with sigmoiditis can be localized not only in the left lower abdomen, but also in the center or on the right.

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In principle, isolated sigmoiditis is very rare. Most often at the same time, the rectum and sigmoid colon suffers. The infection can descend downwards with calves, then the sigmoid colon becomes the source of inflammation, the diseases of the lower part of the large intestine also cause anal fissures and hemorrhoids.

2 The main causes of inflammation

The causes of sigmoiditis are:

  1. An ascending spread of inflammation from the rectum( anal fissures, paraproctitis, proctitis).
  2. Veins in the rectum and sigmoid colon and related complications: varicosity, thrombosis and thrombophlebitis of mesenteric veins, hemorrhoids and thrombosis of the hemorrhoidal node.
  3. Reduction of blood supply to the intestine( ischemia of the large intestine).The root cause of this phenomenon lies in atherosclerosis, when in the lumen of the vessels plaques are formed, reducing the amount of passing blood. As a result, nutrition of organs and tissues deteriorates. Because of ischemia, the necrosis may appear in the intestine, and the spread of the inflammatory process begins.
  4. Congestion in the intestines, which develop due to a sedentary lifestyle and the constant use of refined products. The low content of vegetable fiber in food provokes constipation, systematic irritation of the intestine by hard-boiling masses.
  5. Diseases of other organs of the gastrointestinal tract( inflammatory diseases of the gallbladder, pancreas, duodenum, etc.), food allergies and insufficient production of digestive enzymes. All this causes a decrease in peristalsis and atonic constipation.
  6. Intestinal infections. Pathogens of intestinal infections, for example, amoebiasis or dysentery, produce poisonous substances that destroy the intestinal mucosa. It gradually appears defects - erosion, and then ulcers. In the sigmoid colon, there is a slowdown in the passage of stool, which increases the destructive effect of toxins.
  7. Abdominal trauma and surgical interventions. These causes cause the appearance of adhesions between the intestines, adjacent organs and the abdominal wall.
  8. Nonspecific diseases - ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, which can cause inflammation of the S-shaped gut.
  9. Inflammation that has spread from other organs. Women can provoke a chronic disease of the organs of the genitourinary system, and in men - inflammation of the prostate gland.
  10. Consequences of exposure to ionizing radiation. Cells exposed to radiation can be destroyed and mutated, damaging the surrounding healthy tissues.
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3 Inflammation of the sigmoid colon and its forms

Sigmoiditis can occur in acute form or become chronic, reminding itself periodically of relapses. Depending on the severity and severity of the lining of the gut,

  1. Catarrhal sigmoiditis is the easiest form of inflammation, when damage affects only the upper layer of epithelial tissue.
  2. Erosive sigmoiditis develops against a background of untreated catarrh of the S-shaped gut. The damaged epithelium forms erosion.
  3. Ulcer sigmoiditis replaces erosive, in the place of erosions there are deeper tissue defects called ulcers.
  4. Perisigmoiditis is a very serious form of sigmoid disease. Destructive processes affect all layers of the gut, so it loses its mobility and elasticity. A pronounced adhesive process develops.

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4 Symptoms of sigmoiditis

Symptoms and treatment of inflammation of the sigmoid colon are different for different forms of the disease. However, several main clinical signs of the disease can be distinguished:

  1. Pain syndrome is localized in the left ileal abdomen( in the left lower square).However, the S-shaped gut has a long mesentery, so it can move to the right region or even up to the diaphragm. In this regard, the location of pain is not indicative. By nature, the pain resembles an attack of appendicitis, intensifying in the prone position and trying to lift the leg. Painful sensations during sigmoiditis are aggravated during the act of defecation, when making sharp movements, when making long walks and during shaking in road transport.
  2. Stool disorders. Most often, patients suffer from diarrhea, constipation develops in rare cases. Irritated intestines send signals to frequent painful urges to defecate. Liquid fetid stool has a slight admixture of pus, mucus or blood. When the disease reaches the ulcer stage, the feces begin to resemble meat slops.
  3. Gradual exhaustion of the patient and worsening of the general condition. The inflammatory process and the lack of vitamins and amino acids in the body cause weakness, weight loss, loss of efficiency, sleep disturbances and other signs of deterioration of well-being.

5 Diagnostic measures

The listed symptoms can be related to different diseases, therefore the diagnosis should be performed with the cooperation of a therapist, infectious disease specialist, surgeon and gastroenterologist. First you need to exclude appendicitis, infectious diseases such as cholera, dysentery or pronounced dysbacteriosis, other inflammatory bowel diseases - paraproctitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, etc.

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The doctor will begin the examination of the patient with a survey and a general examination. He will palpate the abdomen to determine the location of pain and identify the inflamed part of the intestine. In the area of ​​the sigmoid colon, tenderness and compactness of the tissues are revealed.

Extended blood and feces analyzes show the nature and severity of the inflammatory process. In feces find mucus, pus and blood, and microscopic examination reveals an increased content of red blood cells, leukocytes and epithelial cells. Biochemical analyzes of feces reveal proteins and enzymes.

Radiography of the intestine confirms deformation changes in the folds of the intestine, a decrease in their number or complete disappearance, rigidity of the intestinal wall. In addition, on the X-ray, they see if there is an obstruction of the intestine.

Recto-manoscopy is necessary for external examination of the mucous membrane of the rectum and sigmoid colon. The doctor can see how badly the intestinal tissue is damaged and at what stage the disease is. If necessary, you can take a sample for a biopsy to exclude oncological diseases. Women are sent to the ultrasound of the genital organs to eliminate ectopic pregnancy, adnexitis, endometriosis, since they can give similar symptoms.

6 Treatment of pathology

How to treat sigmoid disease? Everything depends on the cause that caused inflammation and the development of pathology. If the infection is the basis, antibiotics are prescribed. Preliminary conducted bakposov kala with the definition of the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibacterial agents. The most common drugs are Biseptol, Ampicillin, Ampiox, Doxycycline, Furazolidone, Phthalazol, Tetracycline, Sulfadimethoxin.

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Most often, patients have manifestations of dysbiosis, so recommend a 2-month course of probiotics - Acipole, Hilak forte, Linex, Lactobacterin, Bifidobacterin, etc. These same medicines must be drunk during and after taking antibiotics.

Good results with prolonged diarrhea give Neosmectin and Smecta. However, patients with diarrhea need to replenish the balance of electrolytes and lack of water, so they are prescribed daily intake of a solution of Regidron. In the acute stage of the disease, you need to drink 50 ml every 10-15 minutes.

For general strengthening the doctor can advise modern vitamin-mineral complexes( Vitrum, Alphabet, Centrum and others).To eliminate pain, analgesics and spasmolytics are shown - Spazgan, Spazmalgon, Baralgin and others, as well as products that have a soothing, enveloping and astringent effect.

In acute catarrhal inflammation of the sigmoid colon, microclysters are made with chamomile broth, and then suppositories with sea buckthorn oil, metiluracil, Solcoseryl, Actovegin or corticosteroids are inserted into the rectum.

Such treatment can not do without a special diet, especially in cases when the cause of the disease became chronic constipation and stagnation.

7 Balanced diet

With sigmoiditis, depending on the severity of the course of the disease, the patient should be fed according to diet 4a, 4b or 4c. In acute period with severe diarrhea, 1-3 days fasting is recommended. A solution of Regidron, a decoction of dogrose and tea without sugar is allowed. Then the diet №4 is appointed. As the inflammatory process decreases, food expands to list 4b and 4c.

The main thing for sigmoiditis is to use the daily amount of proteins, vitamins, microelements and electrolytes put to the body. Food should be eaten in small portions 5-6 times a day. Dietary table number 4 provides for the restriction to a minimum of salt, fats and carbohydrates. When switching to table 4b and 4b, proteins, fats and carbohydrates go to a normal level of consumption. The sigmoid colon should not be irritated, so the food is eaten in a cleaned form, avoiding cold and hot dishes.

The patient should avoid food causing fermentation and putrefaction in the intestines, namely mushrooms, fatty meats and foods containing coarse fiber. As the well-being improves or during persistent remission, the patient can switch to normal food, only he is banned from smoking, salting, sharp and fried foods, seasonings and spices.

In the remission phase, patients with chronic sigmoiditis need to avoid constipation, so they must in some amount consume foods rich in fiber: carrots, beets, bran, dried apricots, pumpkin, prunes, vegetable and fruit juices. If a person's condition has deteriorated sharply, he urgently needs to return to dietary nutrition 4c.

Curing the sigmoid colon is not easy, especially when it comes to erosions and ulcers. Therefore, at the first signs of discomfort in the intestines, repetitive pains, frequent constipation and diarrhea, you need to undergo a complete examination.

Contents
  • 1 Anatomy of the sigmoid colon
  • 2 Main causes of inflammation
  • 3 Inflammation of the sigmoid colon and its forms
  • 4 Symptoms of sigmoiditis
  • 5 Diagnostic measures
  • 6 Treatment of pathology
  • 7 Balanced diet

The device of the human body is amazing. Not everyone knows that in their body there is an S-shaped gut, known in medicine as a sigmoid colon. It is part of the lower part of the large intestine, following the descending colon. Fecal masses passing the sigmoid colon fall into a straight line and are led outward. Inflammation of the sigmoid colon, the symptoms of which can be confused with other diseases, should not be ignored, because the disease slowly but surely destroys the final part of the intestine.

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