Mental And Psychological Disorders

Affective psychoses: general characteristics and features of the current

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affective psychosis The category of affective psychoses includes a group of mental disorders( specifically psychoses) developing in patients with the onset of a state of affect.

For this category of disorders, the characteristic frequency of the affective phases.

A feature of the development and course of this form of psychosis is:

  • suddenness of development( without previous symptomatology);
  • is a strictly biphasic course of the disorder( phases of mania and depression).

The main provoking factors

Affective psychoses can be caused by:

  • fluctuations in the hormonal level of the body;
  • genetic predetermination;
  • concomitant somatic pathology( including hormone-related) or the residence of certain periods of life( pubertal age, stay in menopause, menopause, in pregnancy);
  • by taking antidepressants.

The provoking factor for the onset of an affective condition is the finding of a patient in the extreme for his psyche maniacal personality position. This is either a situation of a real threat to life, or only potentially regarded by the mind as such.

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Figuratively speaking, the mind either perceives the usual situation as a threatening death for the body, or thinks it up to the state of that, staging the living of pain, suffocation or similar sensations.

The state of affective psychosis is characterized by a narrowing of the level of consciousness, as well as inadequate surroundings by thinking, behavior and speech.

Deviations in these functions arise due to a sharp change in the energy of the brain due to the accumulation in the blood washing( under the influence of the stressor factor) of under-oxidized products of vital activity, becoming toxic substances-hallucinogens.

The first experience of living affective states of the patient's body is still in the state of the fetus under the influence of brain hypoxia, due to the behavior and energy of the pregnant mother.

The risk group includes both sexes( mostly women) with an individual with a predominantly psychotic-hysterical component, as well as a person with a psyche deformed by traumatized nervous system structures or neuroinfections.

Features of the

Clinic The difference between affective psychosis and the bipolar affective disorder also occurs in two phases of the bipolar affective disorder is that the latter during its course creates mixed states with the replacement of symptoms of depression with symptoms of mania or vice versa.

Development of the psychotic state of affective genesis occurs with the change of two phases:

  • depressive;
  • manic.

The difference between them lies in diametrically opposite lines of behavior, speech, movements, caused either by the unnatural animation of Dysphoria, or by the oppression of the patient's psyche.

The classic manifestation of the depressive phase is depressing depression, but the disorder can have features of an anxiety-depressive, hysterical or hypochondriacal character.

Prevailing emotions are manifestations of despondency and depression, passivity and indifference in behavior are due to the circumstances of apparent hopelessness from the traumatic situation of the patient, on which all his thoughts are completely concentrated.

Statements are full of self-incriminations, ideas of one's own sinfulness. Or they are accusations against others who become especially persistent when they are concerned about the state of health in the manifest and reactive forms of depression, accompanied by a pronounced negative vegetative( rapid heart rate, blood pressure jumps, shortness of breath, sweating).The mood is elevated in the evening hours, but the night sleep is upset, it is intermittent and full of nightmares. Appetite, as a rule, is reduced.

Excessive dramatization with grumbling at fate and life circumstances is accompanied by motor inhibition, slowed down rate of thinking and speech, also not differing in richness and variety of shades.

The duration of such depression, when complaints of "mental pain" often take the form of physical sensations, is from three to six months, the structure of the depressive phases themselves is up to 80% of the total volume of both phases.

For the manic phase of affective psychosis, an atypia of behavior, speech, and movements is characteristic, resulting from being in a state of inexplicable euphoria when it comes to self-evaluation of one's own activity.

Mania and depression The patient is in a state of unwarranted complacency, he feels a pleasant sensation of his own mobility, he talks a lot and eagerly, accompanying the speech with abundant gestures.

It is contact, but its attention is superficial, like actions that are not of a well-thought-out and well-founded nature - they give the impression of random movements, unconscious motor excitation, and, moreover, of low productivity.

This "movement for the sake of movement", not bringing fun and joy, but causing an explosion of irritation and anger at the slightest criticism from the side or when listening to the adequate situation of the issues.

Thinking and speech also have a low concentration of attention, superficial unconsciousness, blandness, monotony of shallow emotions, interrupted by flashes of unmotivated anger.

Sleep and appetite disorders complete the overall picture of the phase, which can reach 1 year, except for psychotic-like mania, increasing for 5 days and lasting about 5 months.

Classical "mania of fun" with development for 7 days and lasting up to 4 months, with the development of delusional disorders at the peak of affect, up to 20% of patients with this psychopathology suffer.

About diagnosis

To establish the diagnosis, it matters:

  • clinic with a typical two-phase component;
  • association with fluctuations in the hormonal activity of the body;
  • is a genetic determinant and the transition of the disease "from generation to generation".

To confirm the diagnosis, instrumental research methods are used:

  • EEG;
  • CT( MRI) of the brain;
  • analyzes of the state of body fluids: clinical and biochemical blood analysis.

For diagnostic purposes it is useful to invite an oncologist, oculist, pediatrician and other specialist doctors.

Treatment methods

Psychotherapy Treatment for affective psychosis depends on the phase in which the disease is at a particular time.

During periods of exacerbation, the medicamental direction is more actively used, at the moments of remission - psychotherapeutic methods of influence.

Methods of psychotherapy include receptions:

  • hypnotherapy;
  • group and individual ergotherapy and art therapy;
  • of psychoanalysis;
  • relaxing therapy and the like.

The drug effect is produced based on the phase of the disease.

In the depressive phase, the following drugs are used:

  • preventing the inhibition of the nervous system;
  • contributing to mood and general tone of the body;Risperidone
  • preventing muscle stiffness and motor deceleration.

To drugs of the first category( antipsychotics), contributing to clarity of thinking, include Egonil, Risperidone and others.

The use of benzodiazepine drugs, including Phenazepam, allows, by lowering the level of depression and anxiety, to reduce the manifestations of fear and reduce stiffness of the muscles, artificially lowering the threshold of excitability of the subcortical structures.

Akineton The use of normotimics( lithium salts) leads to a rise in mood, and the category of antidepressants( including Sertraline and the like) softens the manifestations of anguish and despair.

The group of holinoblokatorov( Akineton and analogues) significantly reduce muscle stiffness, contributing to greater freedom of movement.

In the manic phase, the administration of drugs is advisable:

  • antipsychotic action - Fluansoxol, Solian;
  • benzodiazepine series ( Zopiclone, Oxazepam), having a sedative effect, promoting sleep recovery and reducing anxiety;
  • normotimic spectrum ( Contemnol, Actinerval), allowing to control the level of emotions;
  • holinoblokatorov ( Cyclodol and its like), reducing the level of side effects of neuroleptics and preventing excessive excitability of neurons of the brain.

On the prevention of a couple of words

Described by Aretei of Cappadocia in the I century AD.as "the oppressed state of the soul when concentrating on any one thought," and in the year 1854 J. Bayard and J. Falre as "a madness in a double form," the state of affective psychosis leading to vital anguish, with proper and timely treatment leads tocomplete reversibility of changes in the psyche and the restoration of all its functions.

measures to prevent the disorder is the preservation of the nervous system from trauma, neuroinfections, compliance with the standards of work and rest, maintaining an adequate psychological climate in any team at the proper level, measures to maintain the body in a state of efficiency and vital for life.

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