Violation Of Speech

What is paraphasia: examples and correction of the disorder

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paraphasia in the child Paraphasia is a feature of aphasia( loss of existing speech), the characteristic signs of which are violation of utterance, substitution of correct letters, syllables and words for wrong ones.

The patient replaces the correct words in the sentence with completely incomprehensible and unnatural ones in this use and in a specific situation. There is a significant acceleration of speech, which greatly complicates the understanding of the conversation.

Contents

  • Neurological aspect of the problem
  • Varieties of violation
    • And substitution without noticing
    • Close to the sight, far from reality
    • Look at you like in the mirror
  • Examples from life
  • Correction and restoration of speech functions

Neurological aspect of the problem

The appearance of paraphasia can be due toa number of reasons and meet people of absolutely different ages. The causes of manifestation of the disorder in adults include a variety of lesions of the cerebral cortex:

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  • cerebral circulation disorder;cerebrovascular accident
  • infectious diseases affecting the brain;
  • injury;
  • result of thromboembolism;
  • rupture of aneurysms;
  • tumors and cysts of the brain.

In childhood, it is necessary to add to the above factors the defeat of the speech centers of the brain as a result of:

  • fetal hypoxia;
  • traumatizing the mother during pregnancy;
  • spontaneous abortion;
  • asphyxiation of newborn;
  • trauma from childbirth;
  • maternal illnesses during pregnancy;
  • intrauterine infection.

At the heart of paraphasia is the violation of the neurophysiological or nairopsychological prerequisite - this may be a violation of praxis, articulatory apparatus, phonemic hearing, which in turn leads to a violation of speech, perception, reading, writing, counting.

Varieties of violation

Paraphasia is divided into three types of species:

  • verbal;
  • literal;
  • mirror.

And substitution without noticing

speech impairment Verbal paraphasia is a phenomenon in which one word in a speech is replaced by another, and these words will be in one associative field. For example, instead of the word "elbow", it says "knee".Instead of the word "chair" - "table", etc.

This phenomenon is characteristic of acoustic-mnestic aphasia and is characterized by the ability to reproduce individual words and the inability to repeat a series of three or four words related in meaning.

Patients may have increased speech activity, or may, on the contrary, manifest its inhibitory effect. So, in a conversation with two or three people, a person with paraphasia will be lost in the multisyllabic sentences of interlocutors, while in return giving out information either not on the topic, or calling completely different words instead of necessary in meaning.

The difficulties associated with the semantic vagueness of words, a complete or partial misunderstanding of their meaning, leads to the repeated use of paraphrases: the replacement of words in the sentence, the replacement of letters or the combination of several words( for example, a knife - a knife and fork).

Often there may be misuse of pronouns, a mixture of nouns in gender and number, as well as the inflection of verbs.

Verbal paraphasia

Close-up, far from reality

Literal paraphasia is characterized by the replacement of a letter or sound in a word to another. It occurs both in oral speech and in writing. Depending on the area and degree of damage, the phenomenon can acquire different traits.

So, in the case of aphasia touch, there is a substitution of sounds for close phonemic( "c" to "z", "b" to "n").In the case of motor aphasia, the sounds are replaced by similar ones( "m" to "b", "l" to "n").

A patient with this phenomenon can not only confuse some sounds, but also rearrange letters within a single word. Often it is difficult for him to build a sentence because of the choice of the appropriate words. Thus, speech itself slows down, repetitions of words, fragments of phrases are characteristic. When writing, deviations are also seen: the correctness of the letter and the movement of the hand are violated.

Paraphasia based on alalia( the deep unformed speech due to damage to the cerebral cortex) is characterized by the loss of earlier speech, and there is damage to the centers of the brain that are responsible for speech during intrauterine development.

I look at you like in the mirror

Mirror paraphasia - in this case, the patient says the beginning and end of the word correctly, but the middle - right-to-left. the child does not speak correctly

What is characteristic, people who are inherent in this disease surprisingly quickly read words written in a mirror. And read them correctly.

In some cases, in addition to the fact that the word is read as if divided into several parts, where the first and last parts are pronounced correctly, and the middle not only flips mirror, but doubles.

Examples from the life of

When considering examples of paraphasia, there may be such deviations:

  • if the original word is " rook" , then for verbal paraphasia the patient will be denoted as "swift", "crow", "woodpecker"and when literal - "doctor", "grak", "luck", "grap", with a mirror - "garch", "garage";
  • "wolf" with the verbal - "hare", "bear", "tiger", "fox", with literal - "wolf", "wolf", with mirror - "vlok", "wolf";
  • "boa constrictor" with the verbal - "snake", "python", "really," with the literal - "blow", "udal", "udalets", with the mirror - "uadv", "udadv".

Correction and restoration of speech functions

Treatment of paraphasia, like any other kind of aphasia, consists in the application of neurorehabilitation( restoration and compensation of higher mental functions, including speech).The system of activities includes:

  • physiotherapy;
  • medication;
  • occupational therapy;
  • psychotherapy;
  • rehabilitation sessions with speech therapist;
  • methods of social and psychological adaptation.

lessons for a speech therapist At the moment, experts assign a special scan to patients, according to the results of which it is possible to determine the areas of damage and their extent, and after starting treatment, during which it is possible not only to eliminate the causes of the onset, but also to prevent the development of the disease.

Speech restoration is currently carried out by speech therapist aphasiologist or neuropsychologist. The greatest effect is given by the classes to which the use of nootropic drugs is connected: Neotropil, Fenotropil, Cerebrolysin, Encephabol.

But this is not the end of therapy: family members should undergo special training with a speech therapist aphasiologist, receive special instructions on the features of therapy and rehabilitation of the patient. Only such comprehensive measures can lead to significant results.

The treatment time can be quite long in time - up to five years, but despite modern techniques, the result can not be 100% given by any doctor. Even the highest technologies in some cases can not return speech to the ideal state.

Thus, a fairly common phenomenon, paraphasia, when a person confuses letters in words, incorrectly uses words and phrases in meaning - it's a call to ask for help from a qualified doctor who, after a special examination, can determine the specific cause of the damage to the cerebral cortex andappoint treatment and rehabilitation.

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