Osteoporosis. What is it and how to treat women, men, people, drugs. Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis

Osteoporosis - a chronic disease of the skeleton and connective tissue, resulting in metabolic disturbances, loss of bone density. Before you begin to treat the disease, the patient undergoes a comprehensive examination, set cause of the violation metabolism in the skeleton.

What is osteoporosis

Osteoporosis - is a systemic pathology entire musculoskeletal system, or skeletal clinical syndrome. What is this disease and how to treat it, doctors know Surgery and Traumatology, because specialists of this profile is most often have to deal with the consequences of rapid bone loss.

A distinctive feature of osteoporosis other skeletal diseases is that when the development density reduction occurs only once skeleton.

Along with the thinning of bone tissue metabolism is a violation of the musculoskeletal system.

Even under conditions of nutrition, consumption of sufficient amounts of products containing calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D and other nutrients needed to build a dense bone structure, continuing pathological process osteoporosis.

A critical stage of the disease are single or multiple fractures of the upper and lower extremities, hip, spine, ribs.

types of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis, it is, and how to treat the disease, doctors, surgeons know that every year face a serious complication of the disease in the form of hip fracture in elderly patients. The table below shows the types of osteoporosis, which are classified according to clinical manifestations, conditions of the disease, as well as the rate of loss of bone density.

View osteoporosis	Characteristics of the disease
Primary	It includes several types of diseases. It can develop as a complication in postmenopausal women undergoing reduction in the level of sex hormones. It refers to primary osteoporosis type senile diseases where chronic loss of bone mineral density associated with the achievement of the elderly, impaired metabolic processes in the body. Another is idiopathic primary osteoporosis type. This diagnosis is exposed patients young and middle age, when there is no compelling reason to ensure that there is a violation of metabolism in bone tissue of a patient.
Secondary	This type of disease is a complication into the existing disease. The appearance of secondary osteoporosis possible with concomitant arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, chronic kidney failure, diseases of the digestive tract associated with the use of learning disability food. Men and women suffering from the imbalance level of sex hormones, are also faced with the manifestation of secondary osteoporosis.
cortical	It characterized by loss of cortical substance solely constituting the bone. When the remainder of the skeletal structure is not involved in the pathological process.
trabecular	The affected area is cancellous bone, the intensity of the loss which dominates the growth of bone tissue.
Mixed	The most difficult and complex form of osteoporosis, characterized by total degradation of the musculoskeletal system, while shortage of cortical and cancellous bone. Most often diagnosed in people age, as well as young men and women, exhausting your body diets, medical starvation.

Stage and grade of osteoporosis

There is no single pathogenesis of osteoporosis in people of all age groups. This is due to the fact that a violation of the density and microarchitectonics - it is a long, individual and complex process, which can last for several decades.

In spite of that the doctors were able classify stage of the disease, each of which is characterized by the following clinical manifestations:

• Stage 1 - malfunction occurs in the process of bone formation skeleton toward catabolism, the process is tissue destruction prevails over the formation of the musculoskeletal system;
• Stage 2 - mineral saturation of the skeleton is still at a high level, but there is depletion of cortical tissues, and increases trabecular deficiency (this mixed type of osteoporosis, which can occur both in acute and chronic form);
• Stage 3 - the final stage of osteoporosis, which is characterized by reduction of skeletal mineralization, bone loss of strength and high risk violation of its integrity (in 90% of cases, this stage of the disease leads to severe bone deformities in pediatric patients and fractures in adults people).

Osteoporosis, it is, and how to treat the disease, everyone should know a person who has attained the age of 45 years. It is a gradual decline in hormone begins at this age, reduced the intensity of metabolic processes in the body, increasing the risk of bone loss.

The rate of transition from the initial disease to the last stage, the concentration affects the body, and regular intake of vitamins and minerals without which musculoskeletal person is not able to function normally and develop (manganese, calcium, phosphorus, fluoride, silicon, magnesium, boron, vitamins K, C, E, A, D).

osteoporosis symptoms

The main risk of osteoporosis is that it takes a long time without showing any symptoms. In the initial stages of the disease - this may be a manifestation of minor pain in the lumbar or thoracic spine. Discomfort is enhanced during a stay in the same uncomfortable position, or lifting heavy objects.

Despite this it is necessary to pay attention to the following physiological the body's response, indicating the hidden osteoporosis:

• reduction in growth when the length of the body is no less than 3 cm from the upper limb is shorter span;
• while tapping the vertebrae of the chest or the person experiences a sharp pain;
• muscle fibers provide supporting corset for the spinal column and ribs, are always in hypertonia;
• reduced natural distance between the upper part of the ilium and the lower edge, which is associated with a gradual shortening of the length of the spine;
• on the sides of the belly skin appear unusual folds, which have nothing to do with overweight, or a sudden increase in the amount of adipose tissue inside the abdominal cavity;
• the patient experiences severe stoop;
• thoracic spine suffers from kyphosis;
• in the lumbar lordosis develops.

The above symptoms characteristic of the chronic form of the disease. Acute disease type supplemented by spinal compression fracture when a person is not able to take a vertical position, and is forced to constantly be bent.

Generalized seizures acute pain almost does not occur in osteoporosis. For diseases caused by hormonal imbalances against the background of post-menopausal women, is characterized by the occurrence of multiple rib fractures.

Causes of

Osteoporosis, it is, and how to treat the disease, know-surgeons and trauma, but before the start of the therapeutic process, should determine the nature of the origin of the disease.

Based on the anamnesis data of patients suffering from loss of bone density, formed a comprehensive list of causal factors that cause osteoporosis:

• man belongs to the Mongoloid or Caucasian race;
• the achievement of the elderly (over 70 years);
• Caucasian female weighing less than 56 kg, as well as Asians and 50 kg (Females suffer from osteoporosis to 3 times more often than men);
• a genetic predisposition to a loss of bone density, if the family were blood relatives of patients with osteoporosis;
• male weighing less than 70 kg;
• presence of critical growth in men (see more than 183) and female (over 172 cm);
• too long neck of the femur in relation to the diaphysis;
• fragile body constitution;
• shortage of female and male sex hormones;
• failure of bone mass, which is calculated individually;
• primary or secondary infertility of hormonal etiology;
• early entry into menopause;
• alcohol abuse, smoking, taking of narcotics (particularly made of synthetic components);
• low physical activity, sedentary lifestyle caused;
• lack of calcium in the composition of foodstuffs, used in food;
• monotonous and poor nutrition;
• chronic fatigue syndrome, and daily hard work in the absence of a good rest;
• complication following transplantation of internal organs;
• hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease;
• hyperparathyroidism, diabetes, leukemia, lymphoma;
• violation of nutrient absorption process, the use in the process of food intake;
• prolonged treatment a tumor chemotherapeutic or cytotoxic drugs;
• reception of antibiotics tetracycline;
• the use of sports nutrition, produced on the basis of steroid hormones;
• overabundance thyroid hormone L-thyroxine.

Determination of the cause which causes a decline in systemic bone, allows you to develop an effective scheme treatment and counteractions aimed at preserving skeletal structure density, improve quality of life patient.

diagnosis of osteoporosis

The process of examination of a patient having symptoms of osteoporosis, begins with a visit surgeon or trauma. It all depends on how the disease manifested itself, what motivated the person to seek medical help.

After an initial examination by a doctor of the patient prescribe the passage of the following types of diagnostics:

• X-ray study of individual parts of the skeleton where osteoporosis is most acute (spine after compression fracture, femoral neck, ribs);
• computed tomography, which displays the bone density entire skeleton as a whole;
• biochemical analysis of venous blood to determine the concentration of male and female sex hormones;
• tapping the bones of the upper and lower extremities, spine, ribs, chest;
• collecting blood at the concentration of calcium and phosphorus, which displays a metabolic rate of these minerals;
• biopsy top of the iliac bone to determine the density of tissue, early detection of osteoporosis process;
• biochemical morning urine.

Diagnosis of osteoporosis is conducted both in public and in private clinics. The last comprehensive survey of health facilities will cost 2500-3000 rubles on average. If there is suspicion of a disease associated viscera physician may prescribe ultrasound thyroid, kidney, liver, gut endoscopic examination.

When to see a doctor

Appeal to the surgery, traumatology, endocrinologist or the therapist should take place in the first 1-2 days after as a man alone, or else with the help of close friends, he found himself developing signs osteoporosis.

Timely diagnosis, determining the cause of the loss of bone density, minimizes the risk of severe complications. In particular this applies to fractures elements musculoskeletal that are most susceptible to deformation and destruction (knee joints, femoral neck, spine, ribs).

Prevention of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis, it is, and how to treat the disease, everyone should know the man and woman who are older than 45 years. In addition, it is important to give sufficient attention to prevention measures of bone loss.

They consist in the following actions:

• organize themselves a sufficient level of physical activity to avoid a sedentary and inactive lifestyle;
• at least 3 times a week to engage in walking, sit-ups, cycling, jogging, pulling on the bar, swimming;
• longer stay in the sun, so that under the influence of ultraviolet radiation the body alone It produces vitamin D (especially the inhabitants of the northern regions, dominated by the high days cloudiness);
• sleep at least 7-8 hours a day, not to overwork in the process of mental and physical labor;
• to maintain a stable level of calcium in the daily menu that is to be not less than 1200-1500 mg per day given mineral;
• after reaching the age of 60 is additionally taking medications that contain vitamin D;
• monitor the index's own body weight, which must match the 19 kg per m2;
• renounce the use of alcohol, tobacco, drugs (harmful substances contained in said products contribute to accelerated loss of bone tissue calcium, fluorine, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus);
• satiate your diet all kinds of dairy products (This recommendation is irrelevant for people with lactose intolerance).

Prevention of osteoporosis should be no one-time or short-term effect, but a way of life of the patient. This will provide an opportunity to effectively resist disease, to contain its further progression and bone loss.

Methods of treating osteoporosis

Osteoporosis therapy based on the use of traditional medicines, which are available in pharmacy, medical diet compliance with rules, and if necessary, it may be used surgical intervention.

Medications

Osteoporosis - is a chronic disease that requires a comprehensive medical therapy.

To achieve a positive therapeutic effect, aimed at preventing further bone loss, as well as the strengthening of the skeleton, We recommend the following products:

• calcium gluconate - assigned to receive 2-3 tablets just before eating 2-3 times per day, duration of treatment is determined individually by the attending physician depending on the results of the analysis (the cost of the drug is 21 rub. per plate of 10 tablets);
• vitamin D3 - on the basis of an oily, take 2 drops a day for 2 months. up to 1 year (the cost of the drug 240 rub.);
• denosumab - the latest generation of drug preparation which contains in its composition of human monoclonal antibodies, It regulates the process of bone resorption, osteoclast maturation, administered as a subcutaneous injection of 60 mg of 1 every 6 mo .;
• calcitonin - a hormone which is produced by its own thyroid cells, improves metabolism in bone tissue, reducing calcium loss, taken into the body with food (dosage selected endocrinologist individually order).

Depending on the results of the diagnostic examination the doctor other drugs may be used which are equally effective in combating osteoporosis. Treatment continues throughout life with a few interruptions in the overall therapeutic course.

Traditional methods

The main national treatment of osteoporosis is the use of a special medical diet, which prevents further bone loss.

the following types of products should be consumed on a daily basis:

• milk, yogurt, kefir, cottage cheese, fermented baked milk, cheese;
• mackerel, saury, Atlantic herring, mackerel;
• rabbit meat, veal, lamb, bacon;
• flax seeds, pumpkin, sesame seeds;
• carrots, dining beet, squash, kale, prepared by any method;
• chicken broth, jelly;
• bananas, apricots, peaches, raisins;
• fish fat.

The saturation of the diet of the above products in combination with drug therapy, It maintains the body's optimal level of calcium and prevents premature loss bone.

Other methods

For other methods of treating osteoporosis include performing surgery aimed at improving the quality of life of the patient. This method of treatment is needed in the event that the patient survived the destruction of the femoral neck, lower, upper limb or suffers from a compression fracture of the spine.

In the early stages of the disease the doctor may perform the surgery to install metal structures that support and guide the bone in the desired position. All manipulations are carried out under general anesthesia in the operating room.

Duration of surgery depends upon the fracture, but lasts on average from 2 to 6 hours. Rehabilitation takes from 1 to 6 months. time is expensive, often accompanied by inflammatory processes and complications. All are caused by low bone density and impaired local metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, fluorine.

possible complications

The lack of timely action of drug therapy and diet of the patient suffering from osteoporosis can lead to the development of a number of serious complications.

Not ruled out any of the following consequences:

• hip fracture, which leads to severe disability, and in some cases even causes death of the patient (treatment of complications of osteoporosis is a long, complex and costly material process);
• compression fracture of the spine, as a result of which the patient is kept in a bent position and unable to straighten his back;
• tooth loss, which can occur at an early age and regardless of svoevrmennnogo dental procedures, treatment of caries, infectious diseases of the oral cavity;
• fractures of the lower and upper limbs that can be interfaced with smeshscheniem and soft tissue gap (if will hurt a main vessel in the form of an artery or vein, it is possible to approach death as a result of plentiful hemorrhage);
• multiple fractures of the chest and ribs that can pierce the lung, cause internal bleeding and death.

Before you start to be screened and to treat osteoporosis, every patient should know what kind of disease, as well as what effects it is dangerous.

The disease can be successfully kept under control, maximize comfort and quality life of the patient, but it will take daily diet to comply with the rules, disease prevention, as well as periodically undergo a course of drug therapy, the treating doctor.

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