Polio. That is, vaccination against disease, vaccination schedule, the reaction in children, symptoms, consequences, complications, antibody analysis, the incubation period

At a time when the environment is deteriorating more and more, and the reaction of the body weakened, the probability of contracting infectious diseases has never been greater. In order to strengthen and develop immunity to certain types of diseases and viruses to do routine vaccination. For this reason, the vaccination should be done, and from such viral diseases as polio.

What is polio

Poliomyelitis (inoculation of which is necessary in any age) - an acute viral infection that affects the nervous system and leads to paralysis and spasms of the limbs.

Virus particles fall through the mouth into the digestive tract of the child, and began actively breeding, spread throughout the body. The main aim is to defeat the virus brain and spinal cord. More susceptible to the infection of all children under 5 years. Ways infection can act dirty fruits and vegetables, contaminated water, unwashed hands or contact in the carrier of the virus.

The main symptoms of infection at first virtually indistinguishable from the symptoms of a simple cold, making it difficult to identify the threat of serious illness. The disease usually lasts no more than one to two weeks.

Among the main symptoms of the disease can be identified:

• elevated body temperature (around 37-38 degrees);
• skin rash and redness;
• increased sweating;
• violation of the digestive tract works;
• diarrhea and vomiting;
• pain and muscle cramps;
• limb swelling;
• a sore throat;
• nasal congestion;
• lethargy and weakness.

Poliomyelitis (vaccination which reduces the severity of complications flow) mainly dangerous severe consequences, such atrophy and muscle paralysis and serious violations in the work of the respiratory system, which can lead to suffocation or appearance asthma.

Most often it happens that the disease goes unnoticed, without pronounced symptoms and find it extremely difficult, especially if the person acts as the carrier of the virus, not infected.

Why be vaccinated

Polio vaccine from which held according to the schedule, must be vaccinated at least 6 times in a lifetime. The first vaccines are in three months, the next six weeks, Then in six months, 18 and 20 months, the last 14 years in the making.

Vaccines are to develop a human immunity to polio virus and avoid infection and further spread of the virus. The disease is easily transmitted through the air, through water and by carriers of infection, which can excrete the virus in the environment for 1-2 months, so the risk of infection is extremely high.

Because of this, we try to make the vaccination in the earliest possible age, and repeat it to the calendar intervals.

Not vaccinated against polio person is at high risk, and is absolutely not protected from infection severe infection, so obezopasivaniya for yourself and others, it is necessary to do all the vaccinations by plan.

Pros and cons of vaccinations

Among the advantages of grafting is the fact that highly effective vaccines differ from polio (immunity generated after the third vaccination). The probability of occurrence of serious complications is very low.

The disadvantage is that to domestic production are only vaccine with live virus (in the form of droplets), yet others are imported from abroad, which results in some cases, the high cost of drugs and procedure.

Though very low, but there is the possibility of contracting vaccine-associated poliomyelitis.

ORP (drops in the mouth)	TTI (injection)
pros	Strong protection against viruses; vaccine remains in the gut for another month after vaccination and immune creates a special environment; ease of use; low price.	Not a source of virus infection
Minuses	Danger of infection upon contact with the graft child not vaccinated children and adults; probability of polio infection.	Weaker protection from disease; the high cost of the vaccine; low efficiency to the natural virus (immunity is generated only after the third injection); procedure pain;

How does the vaccine

Immunization against polio occurs due to the introduction into the organism of attenuated virus particles, in which the body fight against the patient must produce antibodies that passeth over the entire circulatory system, and create an environment for the immune avoidance infection.

In a collision with the virus, antibodies elicit immune reactions that fight the virus that are essential for the formation of a stable immunity against such infections.

Administering a virus shows the body's ability to resist infection and enhances immune resistance. The most effective for this type of vaccine is considered oral - in the form of drops in the mouth, because it It contains a "live" virus that will create the most believable environment in the body that is close to this infection.

What drugs are used

For Providence vaccinations against polio, several types of products, among which the most common:

• "Polioriks" - the means, produced in France, which is composed of three types of attenuated poliovirus. The drug stimulates the active production of antibodies by the body to fight the virus and the formation of a strong immune system. Can be used for children with weakened immune systems and low birth weight, it combines well with other similar drugs.
• "Terakok" - This vaccine is also made in France and is a comprehensive means of DTP, which includes "dead" pertussis virus. It contains preservative "thimerosal" and is completely safe for the child's body.
• "Imovaks polio" - the means, produced in Belgium. Full analogue "Poliriksa" with identical composition and mode of action in the body.

As being vaccinated

Preparations for vaccination are divided into two types:

1. IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) - does not contain is introduced in the form of injections a live virus, and virtually no side effects. The vaccine is injected intradermally into the body - for children up to 18 months, an injection is made in the region under the shoulder blade, older children - in the femoral region.

The principle of operation is to elicit the patient's virus particle antibodies that prevent infection of disease.

2. OPV (oral polio vaccine) - comprises a live attenuated polio virus, oral type administration (drops in the mouth), is a pale pink liquid bitter salty taste. Is applied to the root of the tongue or tonsils disposable syringe without a needle in a quantity of 2-4 drops.

live virus particles enter the gastrointestinal tract and form the immune environment for a period not less than one month, which at times increases the effectiveness of vaccinations.

Safe whether vaccination against polio for children?

Immunization by injection child completely safe. This vaccine contains a "dead" virus is not able to provoke infection disease.

At the same time, in rare cases, oral vaccination type in the form of droplets in the mouth can lead to infection with poliovirus vaccine-type. Such risks are particularly susceptible patients with dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and a weakened immune system.

Almost completely insure against possible occurrence of undesirable complications if the first polio vaccination spend using injections, and all subsequent oral vaccine type. This will contribute to the formation of a child in the body's immune protection, protecting against viruses.

Schedule of vaccination against polio

Vaccination of young children has its own frequency - when the child is 20 months should receive 4 injections. Frequency grafting viral disease is caused by the volatility and ease of its infection. Subject to the vaccination schedule, the threat of infection must be reduced to a minimum.

Immunization of children is carried out according to the following schedule:

Age	type of vaccine	The order of vaccination	The order of revaccination
3m.	IPV (injection)	1
4.5 m.	IPV (injection)	2
6 m.	OPV (drops)	3 (final)
18 m.	OPV (drops)	1
20 m.	OPV (drops)	2
14 years	OPV (drops)	3 (final)

Unscheduled vaccination against polio

The reasons for an unscheduled vaccination may serve as:

• unexpected outbreaks of viral diseases - if the planned schedule of injections have been performed on time or the number does not correspond to a situation in outbreak may require unscheduled vaccination in order to avoid contracting the virus and to test the resistance to it the body;
• with unfavorable epidemic situation coming from the country - in this case, vaccination may be necessary as the arrivals from this country and serving in it. Vaccination is carried out once only, by the oral route, and for leaving in epidemiologically unfavorably to vaccinate should be made at least one month prior to departure, to identify the body's response to virus;
• lack of data on previous vaccination - if the data is lost or missing, or the vaccination has not been carried out in the designated age, status the patient is defined as "irreducible" and all previous vaccination (if any) default obgulyayutsya. In this case, at an early age is a booster followed by three at a later age, the terms are defined and prescribed by a doctor.

Preparatory stage

What should be done before vaccination

• A consultation and examination at the children's pediatrician to confirm the child's health.
• It is necessary to limit the load on the intestine and reduce the amount and concentration of food for 3 days before and 1 day after vaccination.
• 1-2 days before grafting is desirable to make urine and blood, to ensure that no infections and disorders in an organism.
• A couple of days before the vaccination to limit contact with other children, and it is desirable to free the child from kindergarten or school.
• Protect the child from contact with children in the queue clinic, remove outer clothing, to avoid overheating and sweating.
• Refrain from vaccination during extreme heat or cold, during epidemics or quarantine in the educational institution, the child is attending.
• Avoid stressful situations before the procedure, because during emotional stress the body is weakened to the adoption of vaccine.

What can not be done before vaccination

• You can not be vaccinated if a day before her the child was not a chair.
• At least 1-2 hours before vaccination and after not feed or water the child.
• Coddle or baby overheat.
• One day prior to vaccination to give the child any drugs, try to prepare the baby medication.

after vaccination

What you can do:

• When the temperature rises above 38 degrees, you can give the child antipyretic (any formulations containing paracetamol or ibuprofen).
• In the evening in the vaccination day you can bathe the child in warm water, but only if there is no increase in temperature.
• Feed the baby only proven products that do not cause allergies.
• Walking in the fresh air, but only in warm, not hot weather, and well-being of the child.

What not to do

• Eat and drink for 1-2 hours after vaccination, especially after oral vaccination-type, otherwise the procedure should be repeated after some time.
• A walk in the cold season or when there is fever. Even if the temperature is small, it is necessary to wait this time at home, in order to avoid hypothermia.
• Send a child to kindergarten or school the next day after vaccination. During the struggle of the organism with poliovirus in the child may have a fever, weaken the immune system, appear lethargy and weakness. It is necessary to release the child from visits to educational institutions and to limit contact with other children for 3-4 days.
• You should not wash or wet graft.
• Treat redness and induration at the injection site. These symptoms are a normal reaction to the virus, so do not use any compression, ointments, and the more money with a warming effect.
• It should be 4-5 days to refrain from the introduction of the diet of the child and the nursing mothers of new products. If after vaccination in the child appeared nausea, and diarrhea, should increase the amount of fluid in the diet.
• For at least 1 month after vaccination to refrain from repeated vaccinations of any kind.
• To use aspirin when the temperature rises, wiping the baby vinegar or alcohol. Analgin on the child's body has a difficult operation and can be received only in the form of injections, under the supervision of a physician, and wiping dry and irritate the baby's skin.

Contraindications

Preventive vaccination against polio - an important and effective way to protection as an adult, and the child's body, but it is worth remembering contraindications to immunization:

• allergy to drugs such as streptomycin, neomycin, and polymyxin;
• the presence of immunodeficiency in a graft or at any of the family members;
• presence of tumors;
• lactation and pregnancy;
• presence of infectious diseases or colds;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• inflammatory processes in the body;
• violations found in the blood and urine of the patient;
• presence of severe reactions to other types of vaccinations;
• presence of HIV or infected people contacts;
• liver disease and gastrointestinal tract;
• disorders of the nervous system.

Adverse reactions

Usually the entire immunization period is transferred without difficulty, but, depending on the characteristics of the organism may be some side effects, occurring 4-14 days after inoculation. they pass, usually within 2-3 days.

Among the side effects can be:

• raising the temperature to 37-38 degrees;
• loss of appetite, lethargy;
• insomnia or hypersomnia;
• redness or swelling at the injection site;
• red rashes on the skin or around the injection site;
• appearance of breath;
• light cramps.

possible complications

Typically, vaccination against polio must not cause the most severe complications. In rare cases, the only serious complication is infection of VAP (vaktsioassotsiirovanny polio). Process infection provokes oral polio vaccine type, comprising administering to a live poliovirus.

Symptoms of complications occur 3-5 days after vaccination, and are virtually indistinguishable from the usual form diseases: pain in the back and muscles, fever, severe headache and partial paralysis. Treat it should be in the same ways as regular polio and only under medical supervision.

Occurrence of red itchy hives and rashes, which can eliminate the conventional anti-allergy agents.

Some children who have very weakened immune system, may cause immune deficiency. The risk of such complications is minimal, but it is fraught with paralysis, convulsions and severe lesions of the nervous system.

Does the temperature rise happens after the vaccination?

Poliomyelitis as vaccination against it, calls increase in body temperature, it is a normal reaction to the administration of a vaccine, and usually does not appear immediately, but on day 3-14 after inoculation.

The temperature rises within 37-38 degrees and a certificate of membership of the body in dealing with getting along with poliovirus vaccineIt may be accompanied by insomnia and nausea. Fight with temperature can antipyretics (Tsefekon, Panadol, Ibufen and others.).

Can I get infected with polio from the graft?

Within 60 days after vaccination the child is a distributor of a weak kind of virus, Is transmitted by airborne droplets. In contact with it is not vaccinated, or have a weakened immune system, adults and children can be infected with vaccine-associated poliomyelitis.

To avoid infection should limit contact with the immunized child is not vaccinated people, wear a gauze bandage and disinfected tableware baby equipment with chlorinated agents.

Should I get vaccinated or you can refuse?

Polio vaccination is a compulsory at any age, is a very hard and dangerous disease, but the final decision about vaccination can only take the child's parents.

The solution of the problem, there are three options:

1. Parents have the legal right to refusal in writing to carry out any kind of vaccination. This solution does not interfere with the child's admission to the kindergarten, school or university. They also will be responsible for all the consequences of child polio.
2. Completion of all stages of immunization, according to the schedule approved by the state district polyclinics. In this case, parents have the right to request detailed information on the completion of the procedure, instructions and documents to a vaccine and a documented confirmation of the immunization. Parents also have the right to conduct laboratory examination of the child immunity.
3. Passage of vaccination in a private clinic or health center, using imported drugs, followed by a two-week observation in a private doctor.

Upon termination of the vaccination should consider the list and the severity of the disease and all the risks associated with polio infection.

It should be remembered that the disease has serious symptoms, which can lead to paralysis or even death.

The opinion of Dr. Komarovsky

A well-known pediatrician Eugene Komorowski believes vaccinations mandatory and necessary measure of protection against polio. According to doctors, the vaccine against the virus does not lead to negative consequences and not the source of infection of the disease.

Komorowski warned parents to abandon self-immunization and recommends not violate the prescribed vaccination schedule.

The doctor strongly advises parents not to abandon vaccination for fear of complications, because the child's body unprotected, which can easily catch the virus, in consequence of the disease will get much more serious consequences, up to a disability or of death.

The physician considers injection (injections) more efficient manner compared to instillation into the mouth drops which although is painless and easier, but at the same time had a weaker protective act. The second way the doctor recommends doing very young children, which is not possible by injection.

The pediatrician says parents reliability and virtually harmless vaccination preparations (except for individual intolerance) and considers their use in vaccination proven way to reduce the likelihood of polio infection and alleviate the severity of the disease and its complications.

The combination vaccines with DTP vaccine

The combination of vaccination against polio and DTP vaccines are basically harmless, but can lead to a number of unpleasant consequences: lethargy, general weakness, poor appetite and sleep, increase in body temperature.

Vaccinations together acts on the child's body as a strong stress attenuating the nervous and the immune system, which complicates the process of immunization. Together with DPT polio vaccine is administered three times, the body can respond to the particularly acute pertussis component contained in the vaccine.

Polio - a serious infectious disease that can lead to serious consequences, including death. The single most effective means of protection against it is vaccinated, the vaccine for which virtually no dangerous and copes well with the formation of immunity against the disease.

Registration of the article: Vladimir the Great

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