Analysis of urine. Decoding in adults, the rate in the table refer to the Latin, the meaning of performance

Indications for passing urine test

Urine - liquid that produce the kidneys, cleansing the blood. Coming out of the body through the urinary tract, it carries information about the state of the liver, blood sugar levels, the presence or absence of inflammatory processes in internal organs.

in the direction of give a urine sample:

• therapist - to assess the overall condition of the body, as well as during routine inspections that identify serious illnesses in the early stages of manifestation in adults;
• pediatrician - to monitor the development of organs and metabolism in children;
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• obstetrician-gynecologist - to assess the health of pregnant women, focusing on decoding in respect of the presence of the protein;
• urologist - to evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen course of treatment.

What metrics are determined by urine analysis

Urine is aimed at identifying the physical and chemical properties of the fluid, as well as the study of the sediment under the microscope.

1. Color (color). Normally, the urine of a healthy person is painted in light yellow color, which gives the liquid urochrome, resulting from breakdown of hemoglobin. Affect the color change can be as food and violations of internal organs. The color of the analyzed fluid helps to recognize the impairment of renal function, bacterial infections urinary tract, the presence of parasites in the human body, liver disease and injury internal authorities.

   

2. Transparency. The urine of a healthy person should be transparent. Blurred indicates the presence of different kinds of impurities: white blood cells, salts, epithelium, fat, bacteria appearing in pathologies in the internal organs.
3. Density(S.G). Healthy kidneys produce urine, the density of 1,008-1,025 g / l. Abnormalities indicate serious violations of the paired organ and renal tubules.
4. The acidity (pH). Indicator of a healthy person can fluctuate within the permissible values. Detection reduction below normal will be considered as a symptom of fever, urolithiasis, dehydration and diabetes.
5. Protein (PRO). The appearance of protein in the urine (proteinuria) is monitored for detection of diseases of the urogenital system, pyelonephritis, nephropathy pregnant women, chronic heart failure, hypertension disease. Normally, the protein is absent or negligible amount, is not available for detection.
6. Glucose (GLU). The appearance of glucose in the urine indicates kidney function, as well as the high level of sugar in the blood, which is seen as a symptom of diabetes.
7. Bilirubin (BIL). Finding bilirubin in urine can diagnose jaundice or impaired bile outflow.
8. Urobilinogen (URO). Exceeding the upper limit of the permissible value to diagnose a variety of jaundice, enterocolitis, hepatitis.

Table parameters are normal

Urine analysis, decoding in adults is in many ways different from the decryption in children, is a valuable informant for the treating physician. The main points of the study and the valid values ​​are normal:

Parameter	Values ​​of normal
Newborn	Children from 2 months. up to 1 year	Children from 2 to 14 years	Women	men
Physical and chemical properties
Color	Light yellow
Transparency	transparent
Smell	Blurred, specific
Density, g / L	1,002-1,004	1,006-1,01	1,008-1,022	1,008–1,025
Acidity (pH)	4,5–8
Protein, g / L	No, <0.002	No, <0.036	No, <0.03
Sugar, mmol	Not detected <0.03	Not detected (<0.08)
bilirubin	—
ketone bodies	—
Hemoglobin	—
nitrite	—
urobilinogen	<10 mg / l
Study precipitate (microscopy)
leukocytes	0-5	0-3
cylinders	—
erythrocytes	—	0-2 in p / sp	0-1 in p / sp
epithelial cells	Missing or <5 p / sp	<10 p / sp
bacteria	—
mushrooms	—
salts	—
Slime	—

The reasons for increases and decreases in performance

Urine analysis, decoding in adults which revealed deviations of laboratory results from the norm makes it possible to diagnose the disease, which led to a change in performance.

However, such a diagnosis can also give false information about the pathology, if the collection of material for the study was conducted impairment (unclean utensils for storage, were not washed the genitals, the woman did not put a tampon just before collection).

If you detect any deviations from the norm is assigned to re-commissioning test to confirm or refute the initial results.

Shades analyzed urine is directly related to pathologies:

1. The presence of red color or full red urine may indicate the presence of blood, myocardial infarction, renal failure, hidden injuries of striated muscles.
2. Dark yellow urine indicates liver or gall bladder indicates a long break between urination, which It occurs during dehydration, resulting in frequent loose stools, vomiting or elevated body temperature for a long time. Dark urine also stands out with a strong intoxication. This is influenced by the use of alcohol for a long time.
3. Green hue is the result of a pathological presence of purulent secretions.
4. Gray-brown color indicates alkaline fluid secreted.
5. A color close to black, there is the presence of hemoglobin or melanin in the urine.
6. Whitish hue becomes urine due to phosphates or fat, which is released in the presence of the worm in the human body - filaria.

densities can be increased at a toxicosis in pregnant women, inflammation of the bladder or urethra, the kidney works, as well as diabetes. Lowering the performance occurs when large amounts of fluids you drink, the course of therapy with diuretics, as well as kidney failure.

Exceeding the permissible level of pH suggests that the urine has become alkaline. What is characteristic by lowering the amount of production of gastric juice organism, the development of renal failure, the availability of tubular acidosis and urinary tract infection.

Lowering the pH indicator occurs in patients with urolithiasis, chronic renal insufficiency, and also as a result of dehydration.

The presence of red blood cells (RBCs) in excess of 3 pcs., Says the propensity to stone disease, as well as the beginning of the formation of kidney stones. A large number of red blood cells provides information on kidney cancer, bladder cancer, or cancer of the prostate (in men).

Protein in the urine can be detected only in trace amounts (up to 0.033 g / l). Its presence in high quantity (up to 1 g / l) said chronic diseases of the urinary tract.

The presence of the protein in an amount exceeding 1 g / l, said serious violations of kidney structure (Glomerulonephritis), in which the kidney is unable to perform its filtering function. The appearance of protein in glomerulonephritis accompanied by changes in the analyzed liquid color to red-brown.

Sugar normally should not appear in the urine, its presence is acceptable only in trace amounts (less than 0.08 g / mol). The appearance of glucose in the analysis suggests that its content in the blood is greater than 9 mmol / L, normal adult human, this figure should not exceed 5.5 - 6 mmol / l. Detection of sugar in the urine indicates the possible presence of diabetes.

Bilirubin colors the liquid dark color and speaks of liver problems. Its presence in deciphering possible liver cirrhosis and hepatitis. Ketone bodies appear during inflammatory processes of the urinary tract, as well as disorders of the thyroid gland.

Leukocytes in the urine can be in small quantities. Excess values ​​in decoding analysis suggests inflammation of the urinary tract - cystitis, prostatitis and pyelonephritis.

A large number of salts of said predisposition to stones in the kidney and is an indication for ultrasound examination of the urogenital system.

Preparing and conducting urine analysis

In order to obtain reliable results of urine studies, it is necessary on the eve of the study:

• not to eat foods and medicines that can stain the color of the analyzed liquid (beet, nitroksolin, acetylsalicylic acid);
• refuse alcoholic beverages, savory products, large amounts of salty foods, dietary supplements;
• limit consumption of sugary foods (cakes, pastries, chocolate).

Urinalysis, decoding adults which depends on the quality of the material collection to be deposited after the observance of rules:

1. Utensils for collection must be clean and dry, with a flat bottom. Bought a special container is not sterile. It must necessarily wash with soap and water, rinse thoroughly and dry, leaving no drops of liquid or soap solution.
2. Women definitely need before collecting material, wash the vulva, then in vaginal insert a cotton swab, because the tramp release in the tank for collecting urine spoil result.
3. Men before emptying of the bladder and penis should be washed.
4. Urine should be morning, that is, after the first sleep.
5. It is the average portion of the liquid, if the doctor is not otherwise specified. For this, first empty the bladder on a small amount of urine, then assemble the container average portion it should reach just over 100 mL then empty the bladder to the end, without the participation container. During the collection capacity of the material must not come into contact with the sexual organs.
6. Tightly close the lid, eliminating leakage, oxidation, and the ingress of environmental contaminants.
7. Transported to the laboratory on the analysis of the material needed for a short time - less than one and a half hours.
8. To collect the urine sample from a newborn to use special plastic containers. They are easy to apply to both boys and girls. With the help of a soft sticky rim of the bag is securely attached to the child's body, and after collecting his material is easy to peel off the skin.

In the laboratory, the samples received are investigated by means of special machines - analyzers, which give their opinions, and examined under the microscope. Laboratory causes a small amount of test material in the special glass and thoroughly examines it under a magnifying glass.

Deciphering the urine analysis results

Urine analysis, decoding in adults and children which contains diagnostic cuts easily read by medical staff only. For example, under a microscope indicators sediment studies include tsifirnoe value, followed by reduction "in p / sp." This means that in the field of view of a laboratory doctor at the time of the study material fragment was attended by the specified number of substances.

Analyzing the urine under a microscope, a specialist measure each record twice, on different parts of the laboratory glass. If the transcript contains specific numbers instead a range of values, it is said that when the glass is offset, in the urine of an adult contains various amounts of a substance. Laboratory has the right to write both the values ​​and the arithmetic mean.

Self-evaluation Results of analysis is sufficient to compare the result with the parameters in the norm.

Any deviations from the allowable values ​​are a cause for more detailed diagnostics: ultrasound smears blood analysis.

urine composition indicators can be measured and at home. For this special test strips are used, which are in contact with the urine immediately produce results.

Under what terms should consult a doctor

Urinalysis, decoding adults which comprises a large number of leukocytes, serves as an occasion to refer to the urologist. Count containing indicator, slightly exceeding the norm, says the suppression of infection as a result of effective treatment.

But when set to "all p / sp" should immediately begin antibiotic therapy, prescription for the acquisition of which prescribe the urologist. Upon detection of blood sugar is necessary to address to the endocrinologist. It is necessary for the study of hormonal background and identify the cause of high blood sugar.

Protein in the urine in any quantity is a reason to visit a nephrologist. It is important to diagnose at an early stage renal dysfunction, leading to loss of protein by the body.

A large number of red blood cells - a good reason to visit as a urologist or nephrologist. Because the disease, leading to an increase in performance, may refer not only to the kidneys, but also urinary tract.

The detection result of the analysis of bilirubin in urine - reading to visiting hepatologist, which will hold an additional examination of the liver and give its opinion.

How to bring performance back to normal

Eliminate the white blood cells from the urine in several ways, each of which is focused on the elimination of infection of the urinary system. The most common cause of raising the level of white blood cells - cystitis. He is often the culprit urine staining pink color is due to impurities of blood appearing in the inflammation of the bladder.

Medications

Cystitis can be treated effectively with antibiotics that suppress reproduction of pathogenic bacteria:

• Fosfomycin effective when the unit is not chronic cystitis. A common brand name - Monural. It applies one-time fee for the night. Concentrating in the bladder, the drug kills bacteria and leaves in the morning from the body in urine.
• norfloxacin - a broad spectrum antibiotic that can get rid of chronic urinary tract infections. It is used at a dosage of 200 mg twice a day for 7 days. Popular brand name - nolitsin. Reduced leukocyte therapy norfloxacin observed already on the second day of treatment, but interrupt the course of reception at this stage facing generation of bacterial resistance to the active substance.
• nitroksolin - antibacterial drug, affects not only the bacteria that cause inflammation of the bladder and urethra, but also on some fungi. Sold under the trade name "5-NOC". The dosage is divided into 4 daily administration of 100 mg. Each tablet contains 50 mg of active substance to achieve the desired concentration nitroksolin in the bladder necessary to take two tablets four times a day. The duration of treatment ranged from 15 days to one month, depending on the severity of the disease.
• roxithromycin successfully cope with urinary tract inflammation - urethritis. In pharmacies sold under the name Rulid. Should take a dose of 150 mg twice a day, at least 5 days.
• nitrofurantoin - narrow-spectrum antibiotic action aimed at the treatment of urinary tract infections. It should take one tablet four times a day at regular intervals between doses. The duration of treatment can not be less than 7 days. The maximum deadline is 10 days of antibiotic. Meet the medication in the pharmacy can be called furadonin.

Traditional methods

To treat inflammation of the urinary system is possible without the use of antibacterial agents, which is important for pregnant women.

Cranberry leaf, due to high content of volatile production, is able to stop the development of staphylococcus. Broth dried leaves are inside of 30ml, 3 times a day for two weeks.

Cranberry juice due to its antimicrobial properties, is able to get rid of the inflammatory process. Restrictions on the dosage and duration of application does not, however, pregnant women and elderly people taking it in large quantities without the advice of a doctor is not allowed.

Other methods

In acute inflammation of the bladder and tubules is important to remove the spasm of blood vessels of the pelvic organs to the immune system has access to the site of inflammation. To do this, help warming up the lower abdomen and groin. Available heat source will glass bottle with hot water, contact with which the groins enhance circulation inflamed areas.

possible complications

Leaving unattended any indicator of abnormal, can lead to chronic cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis. Ignoring the presence of red blood cells leads to the formation of kidney stones, and will not give the possibility to diagnose cancer at an early stage, which will result in death.

Each indicator of the effective sheet, the value of which goes beyond the rules - good reasons to consult a specialist. The best prevention of severe disease is prophylactic urinalysis. The timely receipt of transcript protect against hidden diseases in adults and development abnormalities in children.

Registration of the article: Mila Friedan

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