Urine for Nechiporenko. The norm in adults, pregnant women and children. Table leukocytes / erythrocytes as to pass, decoding

Laboratory samples of urine nechyporenko carried out in the presence of common assays deviations from norms. Analyzes of the adult contingent appointed by the urologist, or therapist. Less for differential diagnosis of diseases pediatric use it (in children), and obstetricians and gynecologists.

What does the analysis of urine on Nechiporenko?

Studies reveal hidden leykotsit- and eritrotsiturii that accompanies long-term illness and latent forms and pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis not detected during clinical tests urine.

Research in the treatment of diseases of the urinary system allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and adjust its time. Tests help monitor the disease and to optimize the treatment as necessary.

The analysis identifies:

• The number of red blood cells.
• leukocyte content.
• The content of hyaline casts.
• The presence of granular cylinders.

Which category of patients prescribed the analysis?

Urine on nechyporenko (normal adults compared with general indices of urine analysis) is checked under the following indications:

• The OAM detected high levels of leukocytes, erythrocytes.
• The present OAM cylinders.
• To confirm or exclude inflammatory diseases of the urinary system.
• In the presence of chronic pathologies of the urinary system, to control the progress of disease.
• For the control of the therapy.
• Present pain in the lumbar region.
• Change the color, the smell of urine. Increased or decreased urination or changed the volume of fluid output.
• Having cramps and pain when urinating.

Properties nechyporenko method and its advantages as compared with common urinalysis

The method is fundamentally different from the OAM quantitative account of components of urine sediment. When determining sediment elements in this study, their calculated level in 1 mL of urine. It is more efficient and effective method. For research take only midstream urine.

techniques advantages:

• Available, it does not require expensive equipment and reagents.
• Simple in technical execution.
• Not difficult for the patient.
• 20 ml is enough.
• Fast processing.
• It is easy to track the dynamics of the disease.
• Universal method, used in the pediatric, obstetric, urological, gynecological, therapeutic practice.

Norm Nechiporenko men, women, pregnant women and children of different ages

Urine for Nechiporenko (rate in adults is described later in this article) is very informative.

The analysis considers the indicators listed below (pcs.):

• Red blood cells up to 1000.
• Leukocytes to 2000.
• Hyaline cylinders 20.
• Other types of cylinders 0.

But urologists allow discrepancies in the results with the norms of the female contingent, during pregnancy and in the newborn. In women, a slight increase in the number of white blood cells may be due to ovarian dysfunction, menopause, inflammatory diseases of the genital organs.

Pregnant growing uterus compresses abdominal organs, including the kidneys. Urinary system operates during this period with the maximum load due to increased blood volume and compression.

Therefore, in this period are not rare failures of functioning of the urinary system. Also, pregnant women observed rise in blood leukocytes, respectively, increases it in the urine. With average 4,000 or more tests may be done repeatedly.

Neonates testimony may be underestimated. But sometimes we observed a significant increase in white blood cells. This is due to the adaptation of the newborn immune system to external factors.

In the body, cells perinatal death occurs and starts the process of hematopoiesis, which is accompanied by an increased number of leukocytes in urine. Sometimes, for the analysis of the newborn have to be used to allocate all the urine, it also leads to a distortion of the results.

urinalysis norm Nechiporenko with a possible differentiation in children and adults in general should look like this:

Selected item	Men, ed.	Women, ed.	Pregnant, ed.	Newborn 0+ units.	Children 1+ units.
erythrocytes	1000	1000	1000	600-800	1000
leukocytes	Before 2000	2000-4000	Until 3000-4000	1000-15000	Before 2000
cylinders hyaline	Up to 20	Up to 20	Up to 20	4-8	To 10
other cylinders	0	0	0	0	0

How to take the analysis of Nechiporenko?

The procedure does not require complex preparation. However, compliance with the set of recommendations will help provide accurate data and to avoid false results.

Training

To prepare for the required analysis:

• One day before collection of the material to exclude acute products, and also rich in natural dyes.
• drinking regime recommended normal.
• 2 days prior to collecting cancel diuretics and antibiotics.
• The menstrual period is not performed the analysis.
• In inflammatory processes studies have been conducted in the genitals.

Collect urine in adults

Steps for collecting biological material:

1. Prepare a sterile container (you can buy in a drugstore).
2. Wash the hands.
3. Perform hygienic procedures for genitals
4. Collect the material under test.
5. Select only the middle portion of urine.
6. When collecting container material does not touch the perineum.
7. To perform the analysis sufficiently 20-25 ml.
8. Close the lid, bring to the laboratory.

Collect urine in children

Collect urine in children is especially just for newborns and infants. They sterile urinals are used to collect the material.

1. Prepare sterile container.
2. Wash the hands.
3. Substitution of a child.
4. Drain the genitals with a towel.
5. Paste the bag and wait for urination. Glue the bag should be before feeding. It is possible to collect urine from clean utensils or pots.
6. Older children were asked to help in capacity.
7. Close the lid and container to carry on research.

What do the variations in test results?

Inconsistency of the results established norms analysis indicate the presence of renal disease, diseases of the genitourinary system, and some other diseases. This technique is not specific and is considered uninformative to date.

It is necessary to reinforce the holding ultrasound, MRI results, the appointment of other studies, and evaluate all of this complex, dynamic tracking and taking into account the patient's complaints.

Possible pathology associated with a deviation from the norm urine indicators

Urine for Nechiporenko (normal adults show no health problems) should be properly investigated, and evaluated according to the analysis by the attending physician for compliance with the standard. Normal levels in adults, especially the re-examination confirmed, completely exclude the pathology of the urinary system.

Increase of leukocytes

Indicators of leukocytes in the assay are in the range 2 thousand units per 1 square. cm. Sometimes allowed increasing performance of white blood cells in women and newborns in the first days of life. Exceeding these values ​​is called leukocyturia.

Possible pathology with increasing leucocytes:

• Inflammatory kidney disease:

1. pyelonephritis;
2. glomerulonephritis;
3. jade;
4. Kidney abscesses;
5. inflammation of the perirenal fat).

• Inflammatory diseases of the urinary system (cystitis, urethritis).
• No inflammatory kidney disease (cysts, amyloidosis, diabetic nephropathy, kidney ptosis).
• Tubercular inflammation of all body systems.
• Urinary and / or nephrolithiasis.
• Coleitis.
• Vaginitis.
• Endometritis.
• Candidiasis.
• Adnexitis.
• Balanoposthitis.
• Prostatitis.
• Autoimmune processes (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
• Tumors benign and malignant (BPH).
• Allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, angioedema, dermatitis).
• Diabetes.
• Recently undergone surgical diseases (appendicitis, peritonitis).
• Infectious diseases (acute respiratory viral infection, pneumonia, bronchitis, sore throat, etc.).
• Diseases of the cardiovascular system (heart failure, myocardial infarction, heart disease, inflammatory heart disease).

In pregnant women, the number of leukocytes in the blood increases, this is associated with increased antigenic load and increased activity of the immune system. Therefore obstetricians and urologists indicators allow to increase 5 thousand units in this period, in the absence of other symptoms. For pregnant women a greater role in the detection of renal pathology plays a dynamic performance.

The sharp rise in white blood cells in the urine sample indicates the possible development:

• Preeclampsia, severe complications of the second half of pregnancy, is characterized by kidney failure.
• Gestational diabetes.
• Inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary system.

Leukocyte level slightly higher than that of adults in the blood of children. Accordingly, they are above and in the urine. Particularly high leucocyturia can be observed in the first hours and days of life.

A significant excess of indicators points to:

• Malformations of the kidneys and the urogenital system.
• Throw urine from the bladder into the ureters.
• Diathesis, and diaper rash. Cause irritation and inflammation of the skin in the perineum.
• Vulvitis in girls, phimosis in boys.
• Worm infestation.
• Inflammation of kidneys and urinary system.

A high level of red blood cells

Urine on nechyporenko (normal adults not only analyzes the content of white blood cells) shows the concentration of red blood cells and normal in this case is to 1 thousand units per 1 square. cm. Children up to 1 year - 600-800 units. This is due to the large size of red blood cells, which normally do not overcome the kidney barrier.

However, there are conditions in which the urine is detected in a sufficiently large amount of erythrocytes.

The reasons for increasing red blood cells are:

• Kidney diseases that violate filtering (glomerulonephritis, renal failure).
• Renal disease, renal vascular permeability increase (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, kidney failure, renal cancer, diabetic nephropathy).
• Microtrauma in the presence of stones.
• Violation of the venous outflow in the pelvis, including the compression of the uterus during pregnancy veins (thrombosis, phlebitis).
• Blood disorders (hemophilia, thrombocytopenia).
• Intoxication due to infectious diseases, food poisoning bacteria and viruses vital (tuberculosis, influenza, angina, malaria).
• Intoxication poisons fungi, snakes, spiders, chemicals, medicines.
• Diseases of the genital and urinary organs (cystitis, urethritis, prostate adenoma, cervical erosion, uterine bleeding).
• Cancer, regardless of location, but to a greater degree of urinary organs.
• kidney injury (surgery, stab or gunshot wound).
• Diseases of the cardiovascular system (myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension).

Eritrotsiturii not always cause disease. It may provoke some adverse factors.

Factors causing the increase of red blood cells in urine:

• Intense physical activity and exercise.
• Emotional shock, stress.
• overheating of the body (heat or sun stroke, prolonged sun exposure, work in a hot room, hot shop, solarium, baths).
• Drinking alcohol (alcoholic nephropathy).
• Eating spicy, salty, acidic or spicy foods.
• The use of drugs (anticoagulants, sulfonamides).
• Long-term use of ibuprofen, vitamin C in high doses.

Increased erythrocyte in pregnancy may be due to compression of the veins in the pelvis and abdomen. Compression growing uterus kidney, ureter and bladder. If during pregnancy the analysis of figures slightly higher than the norm, such condition is not pathological.

Increasing the erythrocytes in the urine sample is normal after delivery to wound closure ruptures and postpartum precipitates. In children, the red blood cells in the urine sample should be within the normal range.

Increase hyaline cylinders

By normal amount hyaline casts in urine should be no more than 20 units per sq. cm. Children up to 10 units. Cylinders - a cylindrical particles, is determined by the consideration of urine sediment under a microscope.

Hyaline cylinders - a protein formed in the kidney from the blood plasma overcame the kidney barrier is not reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Passing through the renal tubules, the protein adopts a cylindrical shape. Hyaline casts are found in the urine of healthy people, but their number does not exceed the permissible values.

Excess amounts of normal hyaline casts indicates the following diseases:

• Pielo- or glomerulonephritis.
• Chronic inflammation of the kidneys.
• Malignant hypertension.

Hyaline casts are formed only in an acidic environment. These results in the formation of the displacement of urine PH to the acidic side due to consumption of meat products, or protein diet.

Factors provoking cylindruria:

• Physical activity and nervous exhaustion.
• Excessive consumption of meat, desserts, protein diet.
• Receiving diuretics.
• An infectious disease with high fever.

Pregnant in excess of normal values ​​hyaline casts is recommended that additional tests to rule out preeclampsia.

Precipitating factor in the emergence of hyaline casts in children are childhood diseases (measles, rubella, chickenpox, mumps) or febrile fever. Especially when there is insufficient fluid intake during temperature.

granular casts

Normally, granular casts in the urine absent. Such cylinders are composed of epithelial cells of the renal nephrons. Grit they betray the fat molecules.

They serve as a marker of kidney damage and indicate pathology such as:

• Glomerulonephritis.
• Severe forms of pyelonephritis.
• Starch deposition in the kidneys (amyloidosis).
• Diabetic nephropathy.
• Kidney damage as a result of infectious disease, fever.
• Lead poisoning.

The urine can be detected and the other cylinders: erythrocyte, waxy, epithelial. They all indicate trouble in the urinary system. When they are detected should undergo further examination by a urologist.

The appearance of granular cylinders in the child's urine indicates a latent form of glomerulonephritis, glomerular kidney disease.

The causes of false results

False answers can be observed in several cases:

• Improper and long-term storage and transportation of urine. Collect material not sterile container.
• Contact with the biological test material discharge from the genitals, collection analysis during menstruation or during the first days after its completion.
• Medications (antibiotics, antiplatelet agents), diuretic drugs, and alcohol.
• The use of sharp, spicy foods or foods with dyes.
• Conducting research during an acute infectious disease with fever.
• Intense physical activity, stress.
• Laboratory error.

Reasons causing those or other deviations from the analysis of a lot, but an accurate and definitive diagnosis can only physician.

It relies not only on the urine test standards on Nechiporenko in adults, but also in the manifestations of the disease, complaints, the results of other studies and procedures (ultrasound, CT scan, blood tests and other tests urine). About any pathology can only speak at the end of a comprehensive survey.

Registration of the article: Mila Friedan

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