Thyroid hormone thyroxine. The norm for women, analysis, ultrasound of free T4, decoding, instructions for use of drugs with thyroxine for weight loss, the price

Thyroxine is one of two iodine-containing thyroid hormones. Deficiency or excess generation substance will cause disturbances in the body in the direction of deceleration or unnatural, in contrast, the acceleration of metabolism. Correction level is possible after diagnosis, under the supervision of an endocrinologist.

Significance and functions of thyroxine

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) - thyroid hormones thyroid (iodothyronine). Iodothyronine, as well as other hormones - a bioactive substances that regulate the activity of the organism. The bioactivity of the T4 is low, in fact, it is the raw material for the production of T3.

Therefore, you should not talk so much about the functions of thyroxin as the role tireogormonov expressed in the following aspects:

• increasing the speed of exchange processes - synthesis and breakdown of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, allowing energy release obtained from food and ensure an optimal weight and body temperature;
• maintaining the activity of the brain (the mind and thinking) and the endocrine glands (the release of insulin, hormones of the pituitary and adrenal glands). T4 and T3 promote excitation of the nervous system, affect sleep duration;
• the oxygen supply of the organism tissue - due to increased synthesis of transport proteins, blood and respiratory stimulation;
• support work of heart - blood flow, the frequency and strength of heart muscle contractions, blood pressure, normalization of cholesterol levels;
• providing muscle tone system - it concerns the smooth muscles of internal organs (intestines);
• regulation of growth and development (children and adolescents). In the first years of life tireogormony affect brain growth and skeleton;
• stimulation of the reproductive function - the hormone causes thickening of the endometrium in women in preparing the body for conception. Norma thyroxine needed to maintain libido, normal potency in men and menstrual flow in women.

Thyroxine have no specific target organs affected by an excess or deficiency. Violation concentration leads to system failure.

Effect of thyroxine may be mixed with serious deviation from the norm. For example, potency may cause disruption as reduced, and excess levels of the hormone.

synthesis of thyroxine

Development of thyroxine occurs in the thyroid functional cells - thyrocytes.

Simplified synthesis algorithm is as follows:

1. Capture thyrocytes from blood tyrosine (protein from food) required to produce the protein thyroglobulin.
2. Capture and storage tireotsitov iodine.
3. thyroglobulin binding with iodine under the influence thyroperoxidase enzyme.
4. Cleavage bound molecule to form a 5-6 T3 and T4 molecules.

Cleavage of iodinated thyroglobulin and release of hormones in the blood is regulated by the pituitary thyrotropin - TSH.

Differences free and total thyroxine

When disposing of T4 into the bloodstream, most of it immediately binds to transport proteins. Only 0.1-0.4% remains unbound - a free thyroxine.

The main differences between the bound and free thyroxine are presented in the table:

free T4	T4 associated
It has hormonal activity	It does not comply with hormonal functions
Found in the blood in small quantities	The content in the circulation is large
It is in the blood for a short time	Can circulate for a long time, becoming a free T4 in strong stress

The total thyroxine - is the total concentration of bound and free hormone. Total thyroxine easier to identify in the laboratory, but the free thyroxine - a more informative indicator, which allows immediately narrow down possible violations.

The differences between the hormone thyroxine and T3

And thyroxine, and T3 are iodinated derivatives of tyrosine. From the viewpoint of the molecular structure difference in the number of iodine atoms - in thyroxine (T4) are four, and T3 - three.

Thyroxine - Thyroid hormone has a low biological activity. Most of the T4 T3 plays a role its predecessor, in which it is converted into the target organs tissues by removing one iodine atom. T3 It binds to cells and affects the metabolism.

Different hormones and levels in the bloodstream, the thyroid gland throws them in the same proportion:

• from 2/3 to 4/5 tireogormonov - as thyroxine (T4);
• 1/3 or 1/5 - a triiodothyronine (T3).

Norms hormone in men and women

Thyroxine - the thyroid hormone, which is the highest level recorded in the newborn. Close to 20 years, he gradually falls and then remains unchanged.

The total thyroxine was measured in nmol / L, its rules are:

• 59-135 nmol / l (men);
• 71-142 nmol / l (women).

After 60 years, the rate does not depend on gender and is 65-138 nmol / L.

Free thyroxine is measured in pmol / l (as in the blood level of significantly less).

The norms are:

• 12,6-21 pmol / l (men);
• 10,8-22 pmol / L (women).

During pregnancy the total thyroxine is not informative, free hormone rates will vary according to trimester:

• 1 trimester - 12,1-19,6;
• 2 trimester - 9,6-17;
• Trimester 3 - 8,4-15,6.

Causes of thyroxine deficit

Thyroxine - the thyroid hormone, the lack of which leads to the development of hypothyroidism simptokompleksa.

Iodine deficiency (acute) leads to a state often, among the common causes:

• autoimmune thyroiditis - immune system "attacks" functional thyroid cells, destroying it;
• malignant degeneration of glandular tissue;
• congenital hypoplasia or absence of cancer;
• surgery (removal of an organ - most part or completely), or treatment with radioactive iodine;
• malfunction of the pituitary or hypothalamus (including postnatal necrotic process);
• hormone suppression already emitted into the blood at a blood infection, inflammation of the pancreas or shock states (sleep deficiency, stress);
• feeding habits - lack of protein intake, selenium deficiency, excess potassium or calcium salts, iron not allowing capture iodine;
• reception Pharmaceuticals - drugs, lithium, oral contraceptives, steroid hormones, amiodarone, Analgin.

Gipotirezoz may be the result of conservative treatment of excess thyroxine in the blood (hyperthyroidism).

lack of symptoms

Hypothyroidism is at an early stage may not manifest itself for 10-20 years (subclinical) - it can only be detected by examining blood on TTG.

Development expressed hypothyroidism provides many nonspecific (associated with other diseases) by the attributes:

• heart and blood vessels - slow pulse, increase lower pressure, cholesterol levels in the blood increase with the advent of atherosclerotic plaques;
• nervous system - fatigue, drowsiness, depression, impaired memory and concentration;
• digestive system - cholelithiasis, biliary tract dysmotility, and constipation;
• musculoskeletal system - the weakness and muscle cramps, swelling and pain in the joints;
• reproductive system - any violations of menstruation, infertility, erectile dysfunction;
• skin - hair loss, brittle nails, weight gain, dry skin and sensitivity to cold;
• excretory system - swelling, particularly of the face, reducing the eye slits, swollen nasal passages and tongue, causing impaired speech or nasal breathing.

Intensity of symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening symptoms.

The causes of excess thyroxine

Excessive concentration of hormone in most cases due to thyroid hyperfunction occurring on a background of:

• nodular or diffuse toxic goiter, toxic adenoma thyroid;
• organ metastases;
• inflammation of the prostate gland (thyroiditis), including autoimmune or traumatic;
• uncontrolled use tireogormonov;
• procedures using iodinated contrast agents (coronary);
• adverse external conditions - poisoning in the workplace, alcohol or nicotine addiction;
  
• pituitary tumors that produce TTG;
• ovarian teratoma - a rare type of tumor synthesizing tireogormony;
• excessive intake of iodine in the organism.

Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy may be accompanied by severe toxemia and molar pregnancy (abnormal development of the embryo with the appearance of cysts).

symptoms of excess

Increasing the concentration of blood in the T4 and T3 causes improper acceleration exchange processes. The most dangerous symptom of hyperthyroidism is the effect of hormones on the myocardium, causing palpitations, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, arrhythmia, edema.

The reaction of other systems on the hormonal stimulation of the following:

• gastrointestinal tract - unfounded diarrhea, enlargement of the liver, rapid weight loss with unchanged or even the increased appetite. In old age, your appetite may decrease;
• Nervous System - nervousness, excitement, emotional instability, high speed of thought processes and speech, impaired concentration, and sleep;
• reproductive system - scanty and irregular menstruation in women, reduced potency and gynecomastia (breast growth) in men, infertility;
• musculoskeletal - decrease in muscle mass, fatigue and muscle tremor or limbs, bone destruction (osteoporosis);
• skin and hair - thinning of the skin and nails, hair loss, hives;
• thermoregulation - increased sweating, fever, intolerance to high temperatures;
• organs of vision - the displacement of the eyeball forward and sometimes outside, in violation of its movement, a rare blinking, double vision, dry eyes.

Thyroxine and pregnancy

The normal production of thyroxine during fetal gestation increases - it boosts production "pregnancy hormone" HGT. The increase of T4 synthesis is required to provide power to the mother's body and the building of organs of the child.

However, non-physiological increase or no increase in thyroxine concentrations may lead to negative consequences:

• anomalies of the structure of the internal organs and systems of the newborn;
• miscarriage;
• postpartum breast disease in the mother and goiter - in the fetus.

Hyper- and hypothyroidism in pregnancy are equally dangerous, but a lack of thyroxine were recorded more often.

The basic mechanisms of its occurrence in women without previously identified two infringements:

• Work gland to "limit" capacity before conception is the asymptomatic hypothyroidism during pregnancy;
• had hidden hypothyroidism during gestation becomes pronounced.

Hypothyroidism is especially dangerous in the first trimester. Therefore, research on TSH (a marker of reduced production of hormones), it is desirable to carry out before conception, and always - on 8-12 week.

The study is obligatory for women at risk:

• convalescents thyroiditis;
• having confirmed gland dysfunction;
• suffering from autoimmune diseases, or metabolic disorders.

With confirmed hypothyroidism in women planning a pregnancy required drug correction of hormonal before conception.

Assay for determination of the hormone level of concentration

To determine the total T4 / free requires blood sampling from a vein.

It is produced:

• in the morning (usually) - dinner no later than 18.00;
• daytime - interval after a light meal must be at least 4 hours (allowed to drink water);
• on a certain schedule - if the analysis is carried out to monitor the assigned therapy.

Knowing the date of study, you must:

1. For a month and stop taking the steroid tireogormonov.
2. During the 3 days before the surrender be on alcohol, smoking (at least not to smoke for an hour before analysis), that the admission of iodine, iodine-containing excessive consumption of food, acute, fried foods and fast carbohydrates.
3. Per day to minimize physical overload and stress.
4. Within an hour prior to analysis, to avoid excessive motor activity or nervousness.

In some cases, cancellation tireogogormonov permissible for a shorter period - is necessary to discuss with the endocrinologist. Doctors also should be warned about any medication taken. To determine the concentration of thyroxine using serum, subjected to chemiluminescence immunoassay. The procedure takes a few hours, but the result can be obtained on the following day.

Deciphering the analysis of the testimony

T4 blood test may not be the only study to diagnose hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. It is important ratio of TSH hormones, T3 and T4 (free).

Basic patterns are presented in the table:

Diagnosis	TSH	T4 and T3
hidden hypothyroidism	upgraded	norm
Expressed	upgraded	reduced
Secondary hypothyroidism	norm	reduced
hidden Ray	reduced	norm
hyperthyroidism	reduced	increased
Hyperthyroidism in the background pituitary TSH-producing tumors	upgraded	increased

Endocrinologist able to adequately assess the association between the levels of hormones (TSH, free and total T3 and T4) and to assign the further examination (US) or treatment.

Features of the ultrasound on the free thyroxine

Ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland reveals:

• volume increase (the rate is 19 ml and 25 ml women men), change body contours;
• diffused (distributed) or nodal tissue changes;
• abscesses body during inflammation (thyroiditis);
• inhomogeneous reduction of the prostate size, areas of connective tissue in hypothyroidism.

noninvasive procedure consists in scanning the sensor neck region.

Among the features of preparation for the US:

• there is no need to maintain the interval after a meal. However, heavy meals should be avoided - to prevent gag reflex at the neck to the sensor is pressed;
• menstruation or a pregnancy are not a contraindication to the procedure;
• in the US should relax the muscles of the neck and try not to move.

hormone deficiency treatment

treatment strategy depends on the causes of the disease and the individual characteristics (age, comorbidities).

General patterns are:

• secondary hypothyroidism require correction of the basic violations;
• hypothyroidism drug is eliminated by cancellation Pharmaceuticals;
• iodine-deficiency hypothyroidism treated with iodine and selenium intake, multivitamin.

However, most need replacement therapy - receiving thyroxine (L-thyroxine).

Absolute indications for it are:

• expressed hypothyroidism any etiology;
• any kind of deficiency in pregnant women or in the planning of conception;
• autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease);
• Surgical removal of the thyroid gland or the greater part.

In the latter two cases, the therapy is prescribed for life.

During treatment, the patient must follow some rules:

• take the prescribed dose should be every day, without interruption;
• drink 1 tablet once a day (regardless of dose) in the morning, for at least half an hour before a meal (more possible), washed down with water;
• attending endocrinologist prescribed schedule for monitoring of TSH - 3-4 hormone level measurements for the year will determine the optimal dose, then the analysis is submitted annually;
• regularly measure blood pressure and pulse, in case of failure - go to the doctor for the correct dose (for patients with diseases of the heart and blood vessels).

Result after taking noticeable immediately, sometimes takes weeks to eliminate the symptoms.

Treatment of excess thyroxine

Hyperthyroidism is often associated with diffuse or nodular changes in the body, tumors. Therefore, treatment tactics may include surgical stage.

Conservative step may be preceded by a separate or radical treatment. He is to receive thyreostatics - drugs that inhibits the production of T3 and T4 hormones - Tiamazol, carbimazole, Propylthiouracil. The suppression of the "wrong" operation is combined with cancer receiving tireogormonov tablets - in order to avoid drug hypothyroidism.

If there are large single nodes or glands growths of tissue - the site or the entire body, as well as malignant degeneration, surgical removal of damaged tissues or alternative - radioactive therapy iodine.

The second method produces a result similar to the operation in 2-3 months, but does not allow to remove large components or extensive diffuse changes.

In hyperthyroidism caused by an inflammatory process in the gland, it is acceptable to use as the base treatment beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol), which do not reduce the release of hormones, but suppress their influence on body.

Instructions for use of drugs with thyroxine slimming

tireogormonov application for weight loss has its "pros" and "cons".

On the one hand, facilitates thyroxine:

• acceleration of metabolic processes;
• burn calories and increase efficiency in training;
• improve intestinal motility;
• decrease in appetite - allows you to transfer the diet easier.

On the other hand:

• significant weight gain is provoked only rare hormonal disruptions - also contributes to a way of life;
• receiving thyroxine in adequate doses should be combined with physical activity and proper nutrition. Expressed as weight loss with just taking hormone requires large doses - such interference in hormones is unsafe and can lead to the opposite result;
• in terms of endocrinologists taking hormones without a preliminary diagnosis is invalid;

Therefore, prior to use it is desirable to pass the blood tests for TSH, T3, T4 and discuss whether reception endocrinologist. If hormones are produced in normal amounts, should take tireopreparaty with increased accuracy.

General rules for admission are:

• a typical dose - 1.8 g per 1 kg of weight;
• dose of overweight - 2 g per 1 kg;
• dose in disorders of the heart and blood vessels - 0.9 g per 1 kg;
• should start with a daily dose of 100 micrograms (independently of the vertical), then it can be increased to 200 -300 micrograms.

Some athletes are recommended to combine intake with beta-blockers.

Among the most popular drugs with thyroxine:

• L-thyroxine Berlin-Chemie;
• eutiroks;
  
• levothyroxine;
• Bagotiroks.

The cost of one dosage package 100 micrograms per tablet for the listed drugs will be 120-180 rubles.

homeopathy treatment

Thyroxine - thyroid hormone concentration correction is possible with the involvement of non-traditional medicine. The basis for homeopathic medicines is plant material to be subjected to breeding to obtain small doses. Individually tailored doses allow the use of the same drugs in hypo- and hyperfunction.

The basic principles of homeopathic treatment are:

• raw materials for medicines are minerals and other organic substances derived from human or animal;
• treatment disrepair allows the combination of traditional and homeopathic remedies at an early stage under the supervision of the attending physician and homeopath, then chemical medicines gradually overturned.

Homeopathy is allowed to receive children, pregnant women and the elderly.

Optimally, when the transition to the homeopathic treatment is initiated by an experienced doctor of traditional medicine.

When receiving homeopathic remedies should follow some rules:

• granules should dissolve under the tongue drops - drip onto a piece of sugar, and also dissolve;
• granules can be taken only with a spoon (not hands);
  
• the interval between doses 2 homeopathic remedies or homeopathic and conventional means should be at least 1 chasa;
• interval before and after a meal - 1 h;
• Homeopathy is incompatible with alcohol, spices, coffee and strong tea;
• from inhaling pungent smells (camphor) at the time of treatment should be discarded.

Popular drugs in hyperthyroidism - Skrofulyariya, Spong Yodum. Hypothyroidism eliminate homeopathy harder, used drugs - Tireoidine, Causticum, Spong Bromum, Selenium.

Increasing the level of thyroxine in the home

At home, for the correction of hypothyroidism can be used fotosredstva, traditional recipes and a special diet.

It should be taken into account:

• such treatment is acceptable for small deviations from the norm with no shortage of complications, neoplasms, or surgeries on the prostate;
• expect rapid results from such therapy should not be;
• home methods are more suitable for prevention.

All the home remedies are aimed at filling the lack of iodine, affect hypothyroidism caused by systemic diseases they can not.

Traditional treatments thyroxine deficit

Recipes of traditional medicine useful in the complex, in the absence of contraindications and allergies they can be used virtually without restriction.

Among the most popular tools:

• xanthium - plant, comprising a record number of iodine. It can be purchased in the form of an extract or herbs for cooking broths;
  
• ginseng. The course of treatment - 1 month, sold in the form of infusion or crushed root;
• tincture of nettles. To prepare the 2 tbsp. l. dried leaves to pour 300 ml of boiling water. After 60 min, filter and take 100 ml three times a day before meals;
• buckthorn. 1 tbsp. l. berries pour 250 ml of boiling water and infuse 2 hour. Then filter and take 150 ml before meals;
• iodine. 2 drops diluted with 50 g of vodka and to use 2 times a day for 1 st. l. 60 minutes before the meal with water. Course - 7 days after the break can be repeated;
• feijoa. Berries should scroll grinder and mix 5 parts of berries with 1 part of honey. Keep the medicine needed in the refrigerator, take 1 tbsp. l. a day for 30 days.

Diet to normalize the level of thyroxine

The slight decrease in thyroxine can be corrected by diet, in all other cases, compliance with it will help the body in combination with medication.

Basic principles are:

• feed should be frequently (up to 6 times per day), in small portions;
• meal, it is desirable to carry out at the same time;
• consume less salt, iodized strictly;
• minimize consumption of fatty, smoked, sweet and pastry dishes, coffee, tea and alcohol;
• apart from the food you need to drink clean water;
• increase the proportion of plant foods.

The composition of the menu is dictated by the need for iodine and proteins, should eat more:

• seafood - sea kale and red fish;
• cucumbers, tomatoes, beets, radish, spinach;
• apples;
• sources of protein - meat and beans;
• milk and eggs.

In hyperthyroidism general rules are the same, but the diet should be more nutritious.

Delete the following:

• barley and barley porridge;
• cakes and pastry;
• fat meat;
• salty and spicy cheeses;
• cucumber, radish;
• tea, coffee, chocolate;
• nourishing meat, dairy or legumes soups.

Possible consequences and complications due to incorrect or untimely treatment

Ignoring signs hormone deficiency or attempting self may cause:

• early atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart attacks and strokes;
• ileus;
• infertility;
• immune disorders;
• oncological diseases;
• neuropsychiatric disorders;
  
• thyroid whom - with marked edema, decreased heart rate, shortness of breath and a high probability of death of the patient.

The most dangerous complication of hyperthyroidism is thyrotoxic crisis (diagnosed only in females) - symptoms It escalates up to heart failure, delirium, degeneration of tissues of all organs, exhaustion and lethal outcome. Oversupply hormone can lead to anorexia and osteoporosis.

preventive measures

Reduce the risk of hypo-and hyperthyroidism can be of different nature, taking into account such recommendations:

• consume food or vitamins enough iodine, but not try to compensate them for uncontrolled symptoms seen;
• maintain a sufficient level of dietary protein, take multivitamins;
• establish a regime of work, rest and sleep;
• renounce alcohol and nicotine;
• if symptoms refer to an endocrinologist for diagnosis, not to neglect preventive examinations;
• avoid self-medication, self-change in dose, cessation of treatment with thyroxine.

Thyroid hormones, including thyroxine, play a role in ensuring the vital functions of the body. With adequate and timely treatment of hypo- and hyperthyroidism quality and life expectancy of patients is not affected.

Registration of the article: Lozinski Oleg

Video of the hormone thyroxine

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