Platelets are the norm in men age. Table blood from a vein, transcript analysis

After the blood count (UAC), the patient hands in the form given to the results of the survey. It specifies eight main indicators to determine the potential of the disease and diagnosis. One of these indicators - platelets. For each indicator has its own norm. Men, women and children of different standards. It varies and is determined by age.

What are platelets

Blood is composed of many elements, one of which platelets. This cell without a nucleus, sometimes erroneously called the red blood cells. When the free circulation of the blood, they look like little plate of 2 to 4 micron, round or oval. In this form, the platelets are not active.

platelet function in men

In case of violation of integrity of the blood vessel, the platelets, which are adjacent to the injury site, change shape. From their bodies begin advancing processes by which they stick to the site of injury, while slipway with each other, increasing in size. Formed a clot, called a thrombus. They closed vessel damage, blood loss stops.

This is the basic and most important function of platelets. Thanks to the ability to form a clot that stops bleeding, and they got their name. In addition, platelets have the capacity, restore tissue and blood vessels, subjected to destruction.

This is an additional function of platelets, based on the release of active substances from its members during its own destruction. Secrete substances nourish nearby tissues and blood vessels, helping their rapid healing. What is happening is due to stimulation of the processes of growth and division of cells.

When the damaged tissue and vessel walls recovered by its protective and curative functions thrombus is dissolved by the same platelets. This is another function of these cells: the maintenance of the blood in liquid form. Platelets are endowed with another functional property.

Freely moving through the bloodstream and discovering in it the foreign cells of pathogenic microflora, they are activated, taking the form of a bag.

In such a state of platelets absorb harmful organisms, destroying their membrane. In the course of evolution, it turned out that in the male body platelets greater than in women. This is explained by the peculiarities of the male body, in its physiology designed to perform time-consuming and dangerous tasks. For this reason, men are prone to more frequent injury.

In carrying out their functions, the platelets are killed in large numbers. Own potential existence of life is limited to 10 days. The body has to constantly replenish the number of platelets, because without them it is impossible to his own existence.

As conditions under which the platelets are produced

Processes of renewal of blood cells are in the body permanently. Part of the cells are killed, fulfilling its functional task, while others disintegrate, having served tempered their lifetime. The decay products leave the bloodstream to the liver, where it takes place the process of metabolism.

liver cells synthesize specific proteins composed of platelets, to eliminate the influence of blood clots, have fulfilled their task, and providing a liquid state of the blood. platelet formation process itself occurs in the bone marrow. He goes in stages.

First stem cell, called megakaryoblasts, 20 micron, having a core, modified, transformed into the intermediate cell - promegakaryocyte. This derivative cell two times larger than its predecessor, the stem cells. Its nucleus is round, with huge bright dedicated segments having their nucleoli.

Further there is the appearance of megakaryocyte. Size of the cell comes to 120 microns, it is the largest bone marrow cell with an unusual core peculiar shape. Its cytoplasm occupies a significant portion of the intracellular space, granulated.

At the last stage megakaryocytes push cytoplasmic processes extending through bone marrow structure representing filters, barriers, and are converted into tapes - prothrombocytes. Such tapes have megakaryocyte 6-8. During their stay in the filter tape, the cytoplasm begins to decrease, and the tear tape each formed of 1000 platelets.

All stages of the process can be called a maturation of the cytoplasm, from which it emerged and the platelet. Megakaryocyte cell is considered to be the founder of hematopoiesis. However, this is not the end of the process. Part tapes - prothrombocytes enters the blood stream together with platelets, and reaches the light already in the pulmonary veins is formed of 7-17% of the remaining platelets.

One megakaryocyte produces up to 8000 platelets, one third of which is sent to storage in the spleen. The others are moving in the blood stream until they are old or not will be required to perform their functions. The main condition of hematopoiesis - the need for platelets.

It can be as blood loss, and disease. Organism for its normal functioning, supports a certain rate of platelets in the blood. Platelets: the rate in men over the age differs from those of the women and children cells. For healthy men rate from 180 to 400h109 / l, the rate of amount per liter of blood.

Table index is normal in men

The platelet count in the blood is measured in billions per liter, reflecting the documents marked h109 / l. Men measure platelet rules changes by age, that's how it is reflected in the table with the minimum and maximum values.

Of the year	Indicator platelet count in h109 / l
minimum	maximum
13 – 15	160	390
16 – 25	180	380
26 – 35	180	400
36 – 60	180	340
60 and more	180	320

Changes to the minimum index, after 16 years increases to 180 and does not change. Changes subject to the maximum rate of the norm. Platelets are the norm in men over the age of 60 years and above has stabilized at 320h109 / liter.

Symptoms of increased platelet index

Deviations from the established norms of platelet parameters in the blood indicates the presence of disease. The human body reacts to such deviations as the minimum and maximum for the indicator.

Elevated levels of platelets in the blood characterized by the following symptoms:

• sudden dizziness;
• a feeling of fatigue and exhaustion;
• sudden dips in the dream;
• leaking and loss of sensation in the fingers and toes;
• swelling cushions feet;
• pain or night cramps leg calf;
• vision problems, sudden appearance of dark eyes;
• itching of the lower extremities;
• pain in the liver.

Symptoms indicate unbalance of many systems of the body and to remain without attention do not have to. The visit to the doctor is required in such cases.

Symptoms of a low platelet count index

Decrease in the number of platelets in the blood does not pass without a trace, and is expressed in the following symptoms:

• flow of blood from the nose;
• presence of hematomas and rapid emergence;
• appearance of blood on the gums while brushing the teeth;
• difficulties prolonged control of bleeding with small injuries;
• pale skin;
• manifestation of hypotension;
• palpitations at weak pulse.

If these symptoms were the result of previous blood loss, it is the probability of illness requiring examination and diagnosis. Determine the cause of the behavior of the organism is vital.

The reasons for lowering platelet index

Platelets (the norm in men over the age of the minimum index of the same) may be reduced for many reasons, but basic recognized: slowing the process of maturation in the bone marrow, decreased concentration in the bloodstream, the acceleration destruction.

A condition in which the measure of the number below 150h109 / liter, in medicine called thrombocytopenia. It can develop rapidly, with health deteriorates, the symptoms intensified. Possible and the slow development of up to six months while the disease takes a chronic nature.

The science of blood thrombocytopenia divides into groups, highlighting the following:

• hereditary - obtained from parents associated with genetic changes in the organs involved in hematopoiesis and platelet damage themselves;
• destruction - the most numerous group, platelet deficiency is caused by their fragility, less prescribed period of life, and healthy organs of hematopoiesis, without having to close the deficit, depleted;
• autoimmune - related immune diseases (including the AIDS), at which produced antibodies damaging platelets, reducing their number in the blood;
• viral - in which, to upbraid the destruction of platelets do not have time to resist the activity of pathogenic microflora weaken the protective functions of the body;
• Productive - diseases characterized by bone marrow, including such dangerous as leukemia, Here it is also a consequence of the disease, which is heavy metal poisoning, alcohol, radiation lesion, anemia;
• consumption - hazardous and rare diseases that provoke platelet activity, leading to the formation of clots in the arteries;
• redistribution - result spleen disease and its increase, resulting in localized there more than one-third the number of platelets, a sharp drop in circulating platelets;
• allergic - associated with the effects of chemotherapy, long-term use of potent drugs.

Reasons for increasing platelet index

Platelets (the norm in men over the age of 26-35 years, the highest 400h109 / liter) more than the norm may occur as a result of severe stress. The result is, the appearance of specific hormones that accelerate ripening process of platelets in the bone marrow. Dramatically increase the platelet count can cause blood clots leading to occlusion of blood vessels.

Platelet count exceeding the maximum rate is called thrombocytosis. There are two types - primary, at which the symptoms are absent, characterized by a sudden increase in blood platelets, and secondary - with obvious symptoms being impairment.

Thrombocytosis causes of the following:

• the absence of the spleen due to injury or surgery;
• viral infection provokes an excess of platelets;
• disease-forming organs;
• appearance of malignant tumors;
• excessive consumption of products containing the bioactive substances stimulating platelet production;
• transferred operative intervention;
• Iron deficiency in the body.

Whatever the reasons which led to deviations from the norm in terms of blood platelets, seek medical advice immediately.

Indications for investigation of platelets

Netrombotsitopeniya - factor of deviation from the minimum platelet count rules are not the primary thrombocytosis - an indicator of the deviation of the maximum platelet standards are not yet fully diseases. They can cause serious illness, requiring long-term treatment, or evidence of the emergence and development thereof.

So they and their symptoms are manifestations of an indication to the study of platelets. To help in this can only consult a specialist doctor, therapist or hematologist. The physician should be familiar with the symptoms you are having, and in the first stage to give directions for taking blood and urine tests.

After receiving the results you should not worry too much if the performance did not meet the norm. To get a reliable picture of this analysis, it should be repeated after 4 days. It should be noted, at what time of day the blood is taken. The indicators vary depending on the time.

How to determine the platelet component

There are several methods for platelet counts. One of them microscopic. It is produced in Goryaeva chamber. The study was carried out as in blood obtained from a finger or from a vein. The only thing that the blood from the veins have previously stabilize anticoagulant, which is used as sodium citrate solution.

In this method, a tube is metered to 1.98 ml of a 1% solution of ammonium oxalate and 0.02 ml of blood.

The contents were stirred a few minutes, the two chambers are filled and placed for 15 minutes for sedimentation of platelets in 25 squares. Counted using a conventional microscope, then by simple arithmetic operations outputted numbers h109 / l. Accuracy of the method ± 6,5%.

Another counting method performed on a hematology analyzer with the use of automation. Automatic calculation allows to obtain more accurate results in platelet count. Accuracy of the method is ± 2-4%.

Preparation and analysis of platelet index

Blood sampling for analysis is carried out in the laboratory clinic. This is done in the morning until 10 hours. The procedure is not complicated and painless. The attending physician determines which blood sample is required and points it in the direction. Blood may be venous or fingerstick.

Obtaining reliable results requires prior preparation of patients. Recommended eve not to eat fried, pickled, spicy and smoked foods. Exclude alcohol and avoid smoking, refrain from taking medicines. Before blood sampling is necessary to get a good sleep. The fence is made on an empty stomach.

Explanation platelet index analysis results

Primary research is the indicator of platelet blood count - the KLA. It is carried out within 5 working days. During the analysis set parameters not only platelets but also the red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin level, color indices, erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This is necessary to obtain an overview of the work systems of the body and blood-forming organs.

The analysis results are recorded in a special form, where each row reveals the state of the blood on a particular indicator.

platelets is reflected in the display line thus: PLT 500,109 / L 180-400. The first three uppercase letters of the alphabet - the abbreviation of the English word Platelet, translated as platelet. Next is a number set in the course of analysis, the number of platelets. Finally, set the minimum and maximum rate for men age.

At what platelet index, seek medical advice

The figure of 500h109 / L can be considered negligible, it can also appear due to stress.

This level is reduced by changes in diet and transition to a sparing diet products using blood thinners. If the figures for the maximum deviation from the norm is significantly increased, and at the same time there are symptoms that worsen the overall health should immediately seek medical attention.

Otherwise, the process may progress and result in the formation of clots in blood vessels, the risk of stroke and heart attack. Deviation from the minimum standards downward entails the loss of the ability of blood to clot. There is a risk of bleeding, including internal, which is visually determined as of feces and urine.

Such a state is no less dangerous. In such cases, you need to get advice hematologists. He assigned the additional analyzes and tests. According to their results it is determined by the treatment, in special cases, hospitalization of the patient in the hospital.

How to bring back to normal platelet index

Most often, abnormalities are not so great. On doctor's advice may do without medication. In cases of low platelet levels, have resorted to a change in diet. Should be included in the menu: fresh parsley and dill, banana, mango, pomegranate, aronia, walnuts.

Vegetable fats containing omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids (linseed oil, olive oil, mustard oil). Of animal products to prefer fatty fish (salmon, tuna, trout). Be sure to take vitamin C and mineral supplements.

It would be useful to establish the mode of life, with the obligatory time allotted for sleep at least 8 hours, physical education and sports. When the presence of higher than normal platelet counts, help the daily consumption of garlic. The substances included in it, not only thin the blood, but also resolves small clots.

Important drinking regime, the rate of water consumption by 2-3 liters per day. The disadvantage in the blood leads to dehydration and a narrowing of blood vessels, the concentration of elements contained in the blood increases. The use of natural juices from vegetables, fruits, and sour grapes will have an impact on the dilution of the blood.

Pomegranate, walnuts and black chokeberry should be excluded from the diet, and along with them, and fatty animal products, meats and pickles, candy and biscuit baking. You need to give up alcohol and tobacco smoking, as the most potent stimulators of elevated blood clotting and thrombus formation.

Medications

In cases where a change in diet does not work, as the disease begins to progress, the attending physician prescribes the use of drugs. In each case, the decision is made on the basis of additional studies on a strictly individual. Self-medication in this case dangerous.

To improve the blood clotting ability which is lost due to the lack of platelet prescribed following preparations:

1. etamzilat - means of a group of coagulants, improve blood clotting and platelet count increases. Available in tablets for oral administration and ampoules for injections intramuscularly or intravenously. treatment tablets from one week to two months. The cost of packaging 50 pcs. 25-33 rubles. The course of treatment injections from a week to two. The cost of the package of 10 vials of 106-125 rubles.
2. fibrinogen - is derived from blood, is indicated for systemic exposure with massive bleeding. Available 250-500 ml vials together with a system for the infusion filter. The drug is dissolved in water for injection and administered by drip system vein. Use a one-time fee or prescribed by a doctor according to symptoms. Price per 250 ml of 240-320 rubles. and 500ml 550-850 rubles.
3. vikasol - in capsules and tablets. A synthetic analogue of vitamin K. Indirect coagulant improves the process to form clots rezultativen in application. treatment tablets or injections for 4 days. Repeat if necessary, may 4 days later. The cost of packaging of 20 tablets of 15-25 rubles. 30 tablets of 15-30 rubles.
4. Fitamenadion - increases clotting, ingested. Available in capsules. Accepted up to 6 times a day. The course of 2 to 5 days, sometimes up to 10 or 25 days. The cost of packaging 30 tablets 3200-3500 rubles.

   

Hemodilution caused by an excess of platelets, make the following preparations:

1. Aspirin - simple and affordable means depressing effect on platelet activity and produces their destruction. Available in tablets. The daily dose of 75-100 mg. The course of treatment depending on the symptoms a week or more. The average value of 500 mg of 225 rubles.
2. Tromboass - acts directly on blood platelets. Available form tablets 50 and 100 mg. Used daily 1 tablet. The duration is determined by the symptoms. In the presence of varicose veins, to cure this disease. The average price for 28 tablets, 50 and 100 mg of 42 rubles. to 63 rubles per 100 ml -. 125-183 rubles.
3. heparin - direct anticoagulant action is produced in 5 ml ampoules. Administered intravenously and subcutaneously injections. Effective, it requires caution in the application. Duration of symptoms is determined. The average cost of 10 vials of 245 rubles. There is a form of gel / ointment in tubes of 15 to 100 g Used externally 1-3 times a day to the affected area, duration of use strictly on prescription. The cost, depending on the packaging from 40 to 600 rubles.
4. warfarin - inhibits the action of anticoagulants, prolongs platelet maturation. Available in tablets of 50 and 100 pieces. The dosage is determined by the results of tests. The duration of 5 days and control analysis. Handling charge for 100 tablets of 75-100 rubles.
5. clopidogrel - prevents platelets from sticking together, preventing them from forming a clot. It is available in tablets, film-coated, 14 pcs. packaged. It used inside of 1pc. once a day. The course is determined by the symptoms. The average price of 206 rubles.
6. trental - reduces excess platelets, improves the permeability of small blood vessels. Applied orally tablets of 100 and 400 mg for home treatment. In a hospital - intramuscular injection or intravenous dose of 100 mg. Inside medication taken 1-2 times a day, injection is also carried out. Duration of protection of symptoms. Cost tablets 100 mg №60 - 550 rubles. Concentrate solution (100 mg) was 0.02 / ml, 5 ml №5 - 160rub.

It must be remembered, many drugs have side properties, the best drug can recommend only qualified hematologist, he also will determine the dosage and the route of administration.

Traditional methods

Traditional medicine has a solid arsenal of effects to be used for the normalization of blood.

To reduce the number of platelets and blood thinners used to achieve the following recipes:

• Dried leaves galega drug ground. Insist 1ch.l. in a cup of boiling water and add a tablespoon of infusion tea or water. Drink throughout the day;
• the mixture was ground to a slurry of fresh garlic, onion, lemon and honey in equal proportions according to use 1ch.l. three times per day;
• tincture prepared from the two heads of garlic and 200 g of vodka and insisted for a month, the inside of half tsp twice a day;
• ground ginger root, mixed with cane sugar in equal proportions. 2 tablespoons mixture boiled water, insist 15 min. and take throughout the day in small sips.

  

To increase the platelet count in the blood using such recipes:

• 5 ml nettle juice and 50 ml of milk are mixed and take 3 times a day for three weeks, the milk can replace water;
• 10 g of dry nettle added 250 ml of boiling water, brought to boiling and boil for 5 min., Then the broth is cooled 2 hours it is filtered and drink for two steps. The duration of treatment for three weeks;
• in beet juice, a small amount of sugar, taking under Art. l. before eating a few months;
• pomegranate juice diluted with water 2: 1 taking 100 ml three times a day for a month.

Other methods

In very severe cases, when the cause disturbance ratio platelets in the blood are pathology of hereditary character malignancies other methods are used. The most common ones are: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation or umbilical cord blood, bone marrow transplantation.

These treatments are carried out in specialized clinics, using modern scientific datain hematologyWith obligatory preliminary study of all the possible reasons for the deviation from the norm.

possible complications

Any disease, if left untreated or not recovered its dangerous complications. And thrombocytopenia is no exception.

Dangerous complications of this disease may be:

• bleeding in the retina of the eye that can cause vision loss;
• poor circulation in the vessels of the brain, leading to hemorrhage with possible palsy;
• mikrokrovotecheniya internal intestine that can lead to death.

  

Even more dangerous complications for displaying thrombocytosis:

• the most dangerous of all - pulmonary embolism, which causes pulmonary infarction, pulmonary insufficiency and ending with death of the patient;
• venous gangrene that arises when fully defeat thrombi lower extremities is accompanied by pain sensations capable cause shock;
• carotid arteries and blood vessels of the heart, leading to heart attacks and strokes;
• Budd-Chiari syndrome, hepatic vein thrombosis caused by, accompanied by severe pain in the abdomen;
• renal failure, of renal blood flow.

Men with age inevitably occurs abnormal presence of platelets, especially evident after 60 years. In most cases this increase in platelets, so-called primary thrombocytosis, but the decrease may occur due to surgeries.

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