sodium and chlorine ions play an important role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of interstitial, intravascular and intracellular fluid, being an integral part of the whole organism. When all pathological conditions associated with deficiency of these salts or loss of fluid, will first be administered with a dropper sodium chloride.
Sodium chloride (dropper) is prescribed in medicine for many encountered in physician practices, nosology and urgent states in order to make up for lost fluid output from a state of shock or to introduce a prophylactic and therapeutic purpose.
The blood plasma contains a large number of inorganic active components in dissolved form, including sodium and chloride. Chlorides maintain the acid-base exchange in tissues, contributes to maintaining a sodium water-electrolyte balance.
In case of a massive injury or onset of shock, such a balance is disturbed in the body and all the sodium, which was in the bloodstream, it appears for pulling a water (plasma part blood).
At strong dehydration of a compound of sodium chloride in a large part it is washed out of the patient.
Reducing the number of such inorganic substances provoke the possible complications of thrombosis, seizures, loss of consciousness, disruption of vital organs and systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory and nervous). If not proceed to the prompt assistance saline, with dissolved therein a basic drug, a patient may die.
Sodium chlorite is a transparent and odorless liquid, with dissolved crystals of inorganic substances. Preparing a compound of sodium chloride (HCL sodium salt).
As of concentration of sodium and chlorine, saline solutions are:
| Isotonic saline (0.9%, unconcentrated) | is often used in the medical field: dilution of concentrated pharmaceuticals (as a means of delivery of a basic drug) water balance replenishing |
| The hypertonic solution of (3, 5, 10% concentrated) | is used less frequently, mostly in critical situations: recovery diuresis, dilution enema solutions, with the aim of antiseptic |
It is sold in ampoules with saline ( "Water for Injection") or in bottles of different volume: 100,250,500,1000 ml. In a 100 ml contains 900 mg dry matter. Ampoules with NaCl (V = 5ml) are produced in combination with other drugs for the purpose of further dilution. The price of sodium chloride is dependent on the manufacturer, and the volume and concentration of, on average, from 10 to 300 rubles.
The content of the article:
- 1 Advantages and disadvantages
- 2 Indications
- 3 Contraindications
- 4 What examinations necessary to pass
- 5 Training
- 6 application procedure
- 7 How long will the result
- 8 possible complications
- 9 Videos about Saline
Advantages and disadvantages
Physiological saline, as well as any other medication has several advantages and disadvantages.
Positive aspects of NaCl:
- The ability to introduce different solution by:
- as a part of the aerosol and oxygen therapy via the upper respiratory tract;
- intravenous dropwise or stream, either in pure form or dissolved therein a drug;
- during dressings, for washing the skin damage;
- intramuscular injection as solvent (antibiotics, and other Ksefokam powder formulations);
- rinsing the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx infectious diseases;
- application of solution in intestinal lavage (enema) and stomach (probe) for poisoning, constipation, infections.
- The successful application in many situations:
- maintaining the plasma at a normal level with massive blood loss, shocks (hemorrhagic, hypovolemic, burns) and surgical interventions;
- intoxication syndrome decrease in infectious diseases (cholera, fever);
- use as a solvent of many medications;
- under dehydration amid overheating or poisoning in order to restore the water balance.
- Easy to use - no need to consider the specific dose.
- High bioavailability in the body.
- Minimal risk of adverse reactions.
- Acceptable price.
The disadvantage of NaCl is a high probability of occurrence of signs of overdose.
By increasing the allowable rate of saline injection, the patient has violated the gastrointestinal tract, skin changes appear (Dermatitis) occurs nervous system disorder (excited state, general weakness, sweating), growing swelling in the legs (in tibiae and stop).
If any such indication should immediately stop the introduction of sodium chloride.
Hypertonic solution is injected intramuscularly and subcutaneously. Chronic administration of such a solution requires additional observation level of electrolytes in the blood plasma.
Indications
Sodium chloride (drip) prescribed in many cases, as in severe pathologies for therapeutic purposes and for prophylactic purposes in healthy individuals.
When in the body due to lack of sodium chloride pernicious vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, mechanical or dynamic ileus, the first in the list of drugs for first aid will be saline. Purpose: to restore the lost mineral substances reserves in the body, as well as the prevention of thrombotic events due to blood clots.
Antibiotics and other powdered forms of medications without dilution NaCl are not introduced. Sodium chloride is a good solvent. Medicaments, dissolved in physiological saline, prepared at any ability to penetrate tissues and organs freely reach the target cells. Thus, NaCl increases the efficiency of the basic drug.
Derivation of the patient from shock states, in many cases begins with the intravenous administration of saline, both in pure form and in complex with quick medicines. First introduced NaCl jet (rapidly), and then - the drip as support and stabilization.
External application of sodium chloride is also effective for washing festering wounds, surgical field, oral cavity. The positive side of an isotonic solution in dressing the office - is its sterility.
If alcohol intoxication saline solution plays an important role in the detoxification therapy.
Contraindications
IV with sodium chloride will not be given to patients in the presence of absolute and relative contraindications, namely:
- if the patient of any shape and localization of edema (lung, brain, generalized);
- if the patient has cardiac and renal failure;
- at high levels of sodium and chloride in the blood according to laboratory research;
- when used corticosteroids;
- people suffering from hypertensive disease (NaCl can increase blood pressure numbers);
- people suffering from diabetes mellitus (especially in the hypoglycemic crises);
- in oncology;
- with an excess of liquid outside the cell, and the absence of liquid within the cell;
- pregnant (with caution!)
Ignoring contraindicated, can worsen the clinical picture of an acute pathological condition of the patient.
What examinations necessary to pass
Sodium chloride (dropper) administered after a patient's attending physician will examine the presence of edema, increased humidity of the skin, breathlessness. The next step in the diagnosis of the patient will be a poll on a history of chronic disease, and heart or kidney failure.
In the absence of visual symptoms and complaints of the patient is sent for laboratory diagnosis (clinical and Biochemical analysis of blood in order to avoid anemia, elevated blood ions - potassium, sodium, chlorine; urine analysis - determination of density, specific gravity, in the presence of the ion yield).
Further held instrument diagnostics (ultrasound diagnostics of heart, pelvic and abdominal cavity, chest X-ray). Performing diagnostic activities, the physician analyzes the results, and gives permission for the manipulation.
In the clinic all examinations are free of charge. If the patient wants to accelerate the process of instrumental or laboratory examinations, can contact the private medical organizations. The cost of the ultrasound diagnosis - 1500-3000 rubles. Laboratory studies - 700-1200 rubles.
Training
Intravenous drip NaCl requires special training. Before you proceed with the manipulation, the patient should not be fed and not hungry. Be sure to go to the restroom to during the procedure, it was not necessary to interrupt the dropper.
During the infusion therapy, a nurse or a doctor must conduct control of blood pressure and heart rate.
If pressure readings exceed the threshold value of the norm - 140/90 mm Hg and pulse frequency greater than 90 beats per minute, should be suspended drip or slow down the process to stabilize the indicators.
Nurse performing the procedure is obliged prior to manipulation to wash their hands using soap, clean them with an antiseptic and put on sterile gloves.
The components necessary to perform the procedure must initially be in a sterile package - syringes system, saline. Defective or opening of the material is not suitable for holding dropper. You should definitely check the expiration date of the solution.
application procedure
Installing a dropper with sodium chloride engaged in handling or ward (duty) nurse. Pinch hand rubber band in the middle third of the shoulder, the provider asks the patient to "work" hand to veins filled with blood.
After processing the injection site with alcohol, and finding a suitable superficial vein, a nurse proceeds to the introduction needle. To verify the operation, removed the harness, and starts at a low speed, a dropper.
If the patient feels a burning sensation in the hand, and visually determined by swelling, the dropper is not installed properly and subsequent administration can not be - the procedure is performed again (on the other hand, or, on the other hand the same vein).
Speed dropper installs a doctor or nurse. Unauthorized modification drip rate is prohibited.
How long will the result
With a high permeability, physiological saline not retained in the body for a long time (excreted in the urine, after 3-4 hours). If the composition includes NaCl dissolved basic drug aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease, and having a longer effect than sodium chloride, the efficacy of such combination therapy increase.
If administered with saline shock conditions, the result of more positive will as soon as possible (subject bolus).
Deriving from this state of the patient bolus, medical workers moving to a drip NaCl for stabilization of vital organs. Abruptly ceasing drip - efficiency manipulations rapidly reduced, and the problem can happen again.
possible complications
Sodium chloride (dropper) designate physician considering of possible complications and side reactions. If there are contraindications (see. See "contraindication"), a physiological solution is not carried out.
Often complications arise due to improper administration of the drug to different categories of persons, without regard to the speed and volume dropper, and the presence of dissolved drug erroneous (possible allergic reaction to a drug).
In the presence of the renal or cardiac failure, when the body is not able to quickly withdraw water, the solution was poured accumulates in the extracellular space and inside the cells to form a swelling. Most formidable edema - a swelling of the lungs and brain. Compressing the structure of brain tissues and the lungs, their function is disturbed and rises shock clinic (disturbance of consciousness, respiration and heartbeat).
In the case of overdose or rapid injection of saline and increasing clinics require immediate NaCl Stop administration and subsequent administration of diuretic drugs (by the physician), to improve the outflow liquid.
Summing up, it should be noted the high efficiency and the widespread use of intravenous sodium chloride in the medical field worldwide. This is due to its ability to dissolve a lot of drugs, without changing their structure and function, as well as make up for the lost volume of body fluids in the shortest possible time.
Doctors prescribe, prescribe and will appoint saline in daily practice as equal counterparts NaCl is not due to its low cost and high quality.
Registration of the article: Mila Friedan
Videos about Saline
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