Biochemical studies of blood. Decoding of ALT and AST, CRP, on Revmoproby, total bilirubin, glucose, urea. The norm for adults, children table

Laboratory analysis of blood on the biochemical composition is one of the most informative examination of the patient for the presence of abnormal operation of almost all body systems. The exact transcript of the results is an important factor when making a diagnosis.

Indications for blood donation on biochemistry

Biochemical studies of blood, decoding of which is held therapist, help establish the cause of various health problems.

The survey is carried out in the presence of symptoms such as:

• drowsiness;
• diarrhea;
• vomiting;
• skin discoloration;
• very thirsty;
• differential pressure;
• abdominal pain;
• constipation;
• dizziness;
• heartburn;
• darkening or lightening of urine.

analysis is also prescribed for suspected:

• renal or hepatic impairment;
• leukocytosis;
• diabetes;
• heart failure;
• hepatitis;
• malfunction of the thyroid gland;
• Pre-stroke conditions;
• presence of tumors;
• pathologies of the digestive system;
• diseases of the joints;
• gynecological problems.

Biochemical studies of blood and newborn children, the decoding performance is conducted by two specialists: a neonatologist and obstetrician-gynecologist. This makes it possible to identify or refute congenital anomalies. For children 1-2 years after the study blood only when necessary.

How is the preparation for the biochemical analysis of blood?

Since this study relates to integrated and defines a large number of parameters, the accuracy of the results depends on many factors.

Preparation for this analysis contains a number of rules that violate not recommended:

• cholesterol level of control at reception of statin drugs is carried out 10 days after completion of the course;
• in measuring sugar levels is impossible to use it for 5 hours before the test, as well as refuse dentifrice pastes using sweet;
• you must adhere to proper nutrition for about 3 days to analyze and eliminate the use of alcohol;
• the day before the survey:
• it is not recommended to engage in sports;
• stop taking krovorazzhizhayuschih, diuretics and hormone preparations;
• abandon cosmetic and bath procedures;
• not to consume drinks containing caffeine;
• donate blood should be strictly on an empty stomach;
• prior to analysis is necessary to minimize stress and emotional stress.

Biochemical studies of blood, decoding of which can cause difficulty for experts, does not always provide reliable results due to violation of rules of preparation for them. In this case a re-analysis.

How is blood sampling

Collection of material for research is made from a vein in the elbow. Preferably donating blood from the left hand, because it appears to veins are closer to the heart muscle. The volume of extracted liquid depends on the number of determined features varies from 5 to 10 ml.

Biochemical studies of blood, decoding which takes considerable time, held fast.

The procedure consists of several stages:

1. The puncture site is treated with antiseptic.
2. With medical harness pulls limb above the elbow. This allows you to block the superficial blood vessels: arteries blood flows in the arm, but does not manage to completely go away. This technique increases the size of the veins and they become conspicuous.
3. The patient may need at this time to actively open and close his fist for more rapid receipt of blood in the limb.
4. Specialist gently probes largest and vein using a syringe or a vacuum collection system pierces the upper layers of the skin and the vessel wall.
5. Tourniquet with his hands removed and gaining the required amount of blood.
6. After all the manipulations the needle is removed, the puncture site bandage or cotton pad with an antiseptic solution.
7. The patient flexes the elbow, pinching the veins, to stop the bleeding. This position is recommended to keep the limb about 10 min.

How to wait for results?

The waiting time of the survey results depends on several factors:

• Location laboratory. If it is in the same hospital where the treatment room, the results will be ready within days. If the study material is sent to a third-party laboratory, the data come only a few days later.
• Equipment. When using modern equipment determination of all parameters takes less than 1 hour. Legacy devices analyze the composition of the blood of about 3 hours.
• Study Type. With the passage of the rapid analysis of the results will be ready within 30 minutes.

Decoding performance analysis

special tables are used to simplify the decoding. They are based on the average data of healthy patients and people with confirmed diagnoses.

Group	Parameter	Units	norms
Children	men	Women
proteins	Total protein	g / l	61-82	65-87
Albumen	30-45	35-58
Globulin	α1	1,2-5,2	1,5-3,0
α2	6,9-10,5	5,5-9,0
β	4,4-9,1	5,5-9,3
γ	3,5-14,2	8,0-17,0
fibrinogen	1,2-3,8	2,0-4,0
nitrogenous substances	Urea	mmol / l	1,6-6,2	2,5-8,2
creatinine	mg / l	2,0-10,0	8,2-13,5	6,5-11,5
Uric acid	mmol / l	0,10-0,42	0,25-0,48	0,15-0,40
Sahara	Glucose	mmol / l	2,0-5,6	3,4-5,4
pigments	total bilirubin	mmol / l	0-20,3
bilirubin direct	0,85-5,2
bilirubin is a free	1,5-16,0
Lipids	Total cholesterol	mmol / l	2,2-5,0	3,0-6,9	3,0-6,1
LDL	1,5-3,4	1,5-5,0	1,5-4,7
HDL	0,8-1,8	0,6-1,6	0,9-2,2
enzymes of blood	AST (SGOT)	U / l	0-30	0-40	0-32
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)	0-35	0-30
alkaline phosphatase	100-610	20-135
Gamma-glutamyl transferase	0-22	0-47	0-30
creatine Kinase	0-250	0-190	0-165
α-amylase	0-120
electrolytic components	Potassium	mmol / l	3,3-4,5	3,5-5,7
Sodium	130-147	134-152
Revmoproby	C-reactive protein	mg / l	0-5
ASO	U / L	0-150	0-200
rheumatoid factor	IU / ml	0-14

The total protein and its fractions

total protein level determines the amino acid exchange process. It is a measure of the body's ability to heal itself.

All protein molecules are a number of functions:

• hold the water molecules in the blood stream;
• involved in the process of coagulation;
• regulate blood pH;
• transported necessary elements to tissues and organs, which is important when taking drugs;
• involved in the immune processes;
• hold the required amount of amino acids in the body.

total protein fractions are divided into albumin, globulin and fibrinogen. Last index is determined by analysis of blood clotting.

Reasons for changes in the fractions concentration

The level of protein fractions varies when a malfunction of the organs due:

• inflammations;
• injuries;
• infections;
• of the operations;
• neoplasms;
• pregnancy.

albumin level starts to decrease when unbalanced diet, liver pathologies and bleedings.

Number globulin depends on:

• α1-globulin: presence of chronic inflammation and injury of the liver;
• α2-globulin: percolation acute stage of inflammation, tissue damage degree burns, diseases of nephrotic;
• β-globulin: the degree of anemia, gestational age, the development of hepatitis B;
• γ-globulin: chronic liver disease, the presence of infections and rheumatism.

There is also a change in the amount of proteins leads reception of many drugs.

The level of nitrogen metabolism

The concentration of nitrogenous compounds and substances reveals renal disease, liver heart or pancreas.

Urea (urea)

This amide compound is the end product of protein synthesis. Its level depends on the activity of the patient and the balance of its power. Urea may accumulate in the kidneys and liver without causing intoxication. This disturbed fluid exchange between tissues as the substance is capable of binding with water molecules.

Elevated levels of urea indicates a malfunction of the kidneys.

creatinine

This substance is produced by the decay of creatine in muscles. Creatinine indicates the development of human muscle fibers, and also on the ability of the kidneys to deduce excess proteins.

Uric acid

Purine metabolism - the process of synthesis of various nucleotides which are the building blocks for many human tissues. These reactions are accompanied by excretion of uric acid, which is toxic to the human body, as it forms salts - sodium urate. Uric acid is excreted by the kidneys. Its concentration in blood detects the presence of diseases associated with the deposition of salts.

Glucose

This saccharide in the decay releases energy that feeds the brain, heart, muscles and other organs and tissues. glucose cleavage occurs under the action of insulin released by the pancreas. The concentration of the saccharide determines performance insulinovyrabatyvayuschego body and the presence of life-threatening glycemic states.

hypoglycemia

This condition is characterized by a low level of sugar, and points to a number of diseases:

• insulinoma;
• liver disease and kidney;
• malfunctions of the pancreas;
• Individual intolerance to gluten.

Symptoms of hypoglycemia:

• increased sweating;
• palpitations;
• constant hunger;
• limb tremor;
• panic attacks;
• drowsiness;
• migraine;
• irritability.

hyperglycemia

Elevated glucose levels contributes to:

• diabetes;
• brain tumors;
• pathologies of the pancreas and kidneys;
• malfunction of the thyroid and adrenal glands.

Symptoms of hyperglycemia include:

• incessant thirst;
• dry skin;
• excessive hunger;
• decreased visual acuity;
• deterioration of regenerative ability of the body;
• fatigue.

Violation of pigment metabolism in the body

bilirubin material has a yellow-brown shade and very toxic. In the biochemical analysis is divided into a general, direct and free. Bilirubin is a product of the decay of erythrocytes and filtered by the liver. Pigment substances during normal operation of the body are derived in the same amount as the red blood cells were killed.

The accumulation of bilirubin in the liver causes its poisoning, which is reflected on the skin color. General bilirubin is the set ready for removal and pigments being in the bloodstream.

Direct bilirubin - a substance that is in the liver and then excreted with the bile. This pigment form is not dangerous, but exceeding its level speaks of excess bilirubin and pathologies of the gallbladder.

Unconjugated bilirubin - a pigment formed immediately after red blood cell destruction. He is in the blood. Increasing the concentration of bilirubin this indicates a lack of blood enzymes for its connection and transport to the liver. When finding the duty in the blood stream, it can cause poisoning and death of cells of various organs.

Lipid metabolism or cholesterol indicators

Cholesterol is involved in fat metabolism in the formation of cell membranes, performs transportation of lipid substances to organs. It is produced by the liver and excreted through the intestines. There are several fractions of cholesterol.

Low density lipoproteins (LDL) considered to be harmful to the body, as they are conveyed lipids through the circulatory system, the part attaching to the vessel walls, forming lipid plaques. LDL also provoke weight gain, laying on the organs and tissues of excess fats.

High density lipoproteins are considered useful, as they regulate the amount of LDL, preventing their deposition in the vessels. HDL transported directly to the liver fat. For dense structure account they are also able to reduce cholesterol plaques formed.

enzymes of blood

This group includes substances that characterize the work of the liver, heart and pancreas.

Aspartate (AsAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

ACAT and AlAt called liver samples, as for the evaluation of liver health measure these two enzymes together. For the diagnosis of the heart muscle is sufficient to know only the level of AST.

Alkaline phosphatase

This figure includes data on the number of liver enzymes, gallbladder, bones, intestines and so on. The substance is involved in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.

Gammaglutamiltransferaza (GGT, glutamyl)

This enzyme is involved in the creation of protein molecules and participates in the liver. The substance contained in the kidneys, pancreas, spleen and gall bladder.

CK (creatine phosphokinase)

The enzyme plays an important role in the exchange of energy between different tissues. Creatine kinase contributes to the disintegration of creatine, which allows you to feed the muscles, including the heart. The level of the substance is an indicator of heart attack. Creatine kinase - it is a very complex molecule, part of which is its isomers. It consists of fractions MB, MM and BB.

MM CK

Isoenzyme of creatine kinase refers to the muscle enzymes and is in the heart and all the muscle fibers. It promotes the proper development of muscle and skeleton contractile ability.

Creatine kinase MB

This isoenzyme of creatine kinase refers to a mixed type. He is responsible for the attack.

BB Creatine kinase

The substance responsible for the nutrition of the nerve tissue of the brain, genitourinary organs, as well as localized in tumor formations. Isoenzyme does not appear in healthy human blood is still found when head injuries and pathologies of the brain vessels, or nerve tissue,

Alpha-amylase

This enzyme belongs to digestive and secreted by the pancreas. It is partly excreted in the saliva. Alpha-amylase helps splitting of complex carbohydrates to simple.

blood electrolytes

Electrolytes - a charged particle substances which are emitted during the splitting of salts, alkalies or acids. Each cation or anion is responsible for the condition of a certain body systems.

Potassium

This electrolyte is required for proper operation of the heart muscle, the normalization of the water level in the body and maintain a normal pressure. Potassium is responsible for the oxygen supply, protect and strengthen the cardiovascular system, immune system.

Sodium

Sodium delivers meals to cells and tissues, it helps in the production of enzymes responsible for digestion. Also sodium normalizes metabolism and promotes removal vasospasms and muscles. With its lack of pathology developing virtually all organ systems, mainly urinary, circulatory and digestive.

Revmoproby

Biochemical studies of blood, decoding Revmoproby which helps to identify inflammatory processes are quite old methods of testing patients. But in this way defined level of proteins is the most informative indication for the diagnosis of inflammatory processes.

• C-reactive protein. This material is not only able to show the presence of inflammation, but also as a function of concentration indicate its occurrence, and the step. In the absence of disease, C-reactive protein is almost undetectable in human assays.
• Rheumatoid factor. In the biochemical analysis of the so-called specific antibodies belonging to immunoglobulin. Their level in the blood depends on the immune response to emerging diseases. In most cases, using this parameter diagnose arthritis, arthrosis, rheumatism, but also may identify other autoimmune diseases.
• Antistreptolisin-O. ASO is also a group of antibodies. They excel immunity when ingested streptococcus which allocate a toxic substance for human - streptolysin. This microorganism is dangerous not only for children but also for adults, because it causes severe complications in different organ systems.

The list of possible diseases, depending on the results of the analysis

Depending on the results obtained, the specialists determine the presence of specific diseases. Raising or lowering the level of blood substances indicates a certain problem.

The low concentration of protein:

• poor diet;
• kidney disease;
• disruptions in the intestine;
• worms;
• hepatic dysfunction;
• internal bleeding;
• arthritis or arthrosis;
• malignant neoplasms;
• volvulus;
• peritonitis.

The high level of proteins:

• infectious processes;
• anemia;
• dehydration;
• malignancies;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• polyarthritis;
• hepatitis.

Raising rheumatoid samples:

• leukemia;
• heart attack;
• trauma;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• flu;
• mononucleosis;
• sarcoidosis;
• hepatitis;
• angina;
• tuberculosis.

Low blood glucose - hypoglycemia:

• anorexia;
• liver disease;
• insulinoma;
• overactive thyroid;
• allergy to fructose or gluten.

High glucose levels:

• head injury;
• inflammation of the pancreas or thyroid glands;
• diabetes;
• enzymatic liver dysfunction;
• stress.

Reduced lipid concentration:

• congenital malformations and diseases of the vascular system;
• liver disease;
• hyperthyroidism;
• pancreatitis.

The increased concentration of lipids:

• alcoholism;
• diabetes;
• thyroid pathology;
• oncological diseases;
• gallbladder disease;
• renal dysfunction;
• cholelithiasis;
• obesity;
• degeneration or cirrhosis;
• hypertonic disease.

The high level of ALT:

• hepatitis;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• cholestasia

Reducing the concentration of the enzyme occurs during trauma or lacerations of the liver.

Increasing the level of AST:

• angina;
• tachycardia;
• arrhythmia;
• myocardial infarction in the acute stage;
• hepatitis;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• cholangitis;
• pulmonary embolism artery;
• pancreatitis.

Low levels of AST conditioned deficiency of vitamin B6 or rupture of the liver.

The high concentration of alpha-amylase, creatine kinase and GGT:

• myocardial infarction;
• hypothyroidism;
• kidney disease and liver;
• peritonitis;
• pancreatitis;
• hepatitis;
• muscular dystrophy skeleton;
• epilepsy.

Low levels of enzymes suggests liver disease, muscular dystrophy, necrosis of the digestive system.

Increased or decreased concentration of pigment:

• anemia;
• hepatitis;
• biliary tract disease;
• heart attack;
• thrombosis;
• epilepsy;
• malignancies.

Increase or decrease the level of nitrogenous substances:

• liver or renal dysfunction;
• poisoning;
• dermatitis;
• leukemia;
• gout.

High concentrations of electrolytes:

• Pathology of the adrenal glands;
• dehydration.

Low levels of electrolytes:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• dehydration;
• hypoglycemia;
• stress;
• hypertension;
• angina;
• alcoholism.

biochemical studies of human blood conducted in the laboratory are the most informative and can detect a variety of diseases. It must be remembered that to decipher the results and the diagnosis should only doctor, as standards and units in each laboratory may differ from each other.

Author: Anna Shalunova

Helpful videos on blood biochemical studies and decoding

Indicators analysis in normal and pathological conditions:

Analysis of a standard set of biochemical blood tests: