Rubella - an acute viral infection that predominantly noted in children and related to the category of children's infections. Manifested respiratory manifestations, intoxication and specific rash.
The disease is of particular importance, since pregnancy can cause severe multiple malformations of the fetus.
Rubella infection is controlled, that is, from her develop vaccines included in the national calendar of many countries.
Causes
Rubella is a special small virus of the family Togaviridae. Due to its structure the virus is unstable in the environment, therefore, a most important infection through close contact and in organized groups. Susceptibility in non-vaccinated individuals up to 90%, in this regard, rubella infections attributed to Quarantine.
rubella virus sensitive to the action of disinfectants, high temperature, dryness and UV poorly retained in the external environment.
Most often incidence occurs during the change of seasons. The most susceptible children from 2 to 10 years, outbreaks are recorded every 10 years.
Immunity after rubella lifetime and stable in blood antibodies persist for life.
Can get sick from an adult or a child, both typical and with the erased form, are also dangerous in terms of contamination, children with congenital rubella forms. Infectiousness comes a week before the rash and the entire period of clinical manifestations, plus another 7 days after the disappearance of symptoms of rubella.
Infection occurs by droplets when speaking, crying, sneezing. Pregnant women infected with the same, and the fruit - transplatsentarno.
On the origin of congenital rubella is (intrauterine infection of the fetus), and acquired.
symptoms of rubella
The incubation period during rubella can last 2-3 weeks, and in the last week of incubation, the patient is contagious to others. At the end of the incubation period can be lightweight and easy rhinitis Throat redness, these phenomena are stored one day or more.
Gradually there is a fever up to 37,5-38 ° C, increasing the lymph nodes in the neck area and the neck, enlarged lymph nodes may then save up to 2 weeks.
Then there are small pink spots on the face, extensor surfaces of the arms and legs and buttocks. The rash lasts up to 4 days (at least - up to 7 days), itchy rash to when rubella is not typical.
Rash abundant, in the form of small specks. In adults rubella background can swell up and become painful joints.
Pregnancy Complications
In early pregnancy, rubella can cause miscarriage, fetal death, congenital malformations.
To read a separate article on rubella during pregnancy.
Symptoms of congenital rubella
Congenital rubella - a severe concomitant injury of the fetus, especially a serious infection of the mother during 1 trimester of pregnancy during the laying of all organs and tissues. Manifestations called triad Gregg:
- bilateral cataracts, or clouding of the lens of the eye, with a decrease in size of the eyeball,
- heart disease with stenosis of large stems, valve defects and heart walls,
- deafness.
It can also be identified and malformations of the nervous tissue with hydrocephalus, Lesions of the brain substance with a sharp delayed development defects hard and soft palate.
Diagnostics
The basis of the diagnosis - epidemiological data on the presence of rubella in the region, as well as guidance on the typical rash, swollen lymph nodes.
To confirm the diagnosis requires isolation of rubella virus, but it will be displayed just before the rash appears. At a later time the diagnosis is made based on the titer of antibodies:
- IgM class antibodies detected in patients with a fresh infection and rubella activity
- antibody class IgG - in the presence of previously transferred rubella or chronic infection in intrauterine infection,
It is important for antibodies to rubella during pregnancy planning, if a woman is not vaccinated against rubella, and there is no indication in its map of rubella. If no antibodies to rubella - vaccination shows a woman three months before the planned conception.
rubella treatment
Specific antiviral drugs against rubella not, the treatment is symptomatic.
Shown to bed with a full-age food and drink plentiful. Apply antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs - Arbidol, viferon, Grippferon, anaferon.
The rest of therapy is based on the symptoms - antitussive agents, the common cold, fever. The rash does not need to handle, as well as apply when it antihistamines.
prevention
Developed specific prevention rubella in a vaccine. It is carried out in conjunction with the mumps and measles, MMR triple vaccine at the age of 1 year and 6 years old, girls and even 14 if not previously planted.
There are monovalent vaccines against rubella (Rudivax), administered to women who do not have antibodies to rubella during pregnancy planning.
In identifying cases of rubella contacts are quarantined for 21 days, patients are isolated for a week after the rash appears.
