Hepatitis B - a viral infection that primarily affects the liver and leads to chronic progressive form of the disease, carriage of the virus, the development of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Relevance of hepatitis B is high due to the possibility of a long flush flow and transmit others.
shape
Stands for acute and chronic diseases, in addition, a separate one for hepatitis B. recovered carrier
The acute form may occur immediately after infection occurs with severe clinical symptoms, and sometimes with fulminant (fulminant) development. Up to 95% of people recover fully, from the remainder of the acute hepatitis becomes chronic, and in newborns chronicity of the disease occurs in 90% of cases.
The chronic form may occur after acute hepatitis, and can be initially without the acute phase of the disease. Manifestations it may vary from asymptomatic (carrier of the virus) to transition from active hepatitis to cirrhosis.
Causes
Hepatitis B is caused by a particular virus, which is quite stable in the environment. It is transmitted parenterally, that is, when having sex all the options, injections, blood transfusions or operations. Infection during dental treatment, manicure, shaving, tattooing, if the instruments are not treated properly and have a skin injury.
The virus can be transmitted from an infected mother to child during birth, but breastfeeding virus in milk does not fall.
Domestic cases of hepatitis B are unlikely: in general the dishes and kisses, towels, handshakes and hugs can not be infected, the amount of virus is negligible. But the use of shared razors or toothbrushes increases the likelihood of infection.
The virus is found in most human biological fluids - saliva, sweat fluid, tears, urine, but the highest concentrations are found in the blood.
Mechanisms of hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus when it enters the body is carried by the body and is fixed in the liver cells. The very cells the virus does not hurt, but the activation of protective immune system recognizes the virus damaged cells and attacks them.
The more rapid the immune process, the stronger the manifestation. With the destruction of damaged liver cells develop inflammation of the liver - hepatitis. It depends on carrier and the transition to the chronic form of the immune system.
manifestations
Hepatitis B flows through well-defined stages, starting from the incubation period, which lasts from 30-40 days to six months, but the average is 60-90 days. During this time the virus multiplies in the body and penetrates into the liver tissue. Followed prodromal (anicteric) period of the disease, while there are common manifestations of infectious Similar to the majority of colds.
These include:
- violation being with loss of appetite, weakness, lethargy;
- nausea and vomiting;
- temperature rise to negligible numbers;
- sore muscles and joints;
- headaches, feeling of weakness;
- are respiratory symptoms (runny nose, cough, sore throat).
Gradually the symptoms pass in icteric period. They also appear in a sequence:
- is darkening of urine, The color is like dark beer;
- yellow sclera and mucous membranes of the mouth, especially if the lift tongue against the palate;
- stain hands and skin.
With the emergence of jaundice common symptoms of intoxication are reduced, the condition is improving. It may be concerned about the pain or heaviness in the right hypochondrium in place of the liver projection. Sometimes it may be illumination feces due to blockage of the bile ducts.
On average, hepatitis lasts about three months, but blood tests changes may be long enough.
Severe and fulminant form of hepatitis B is particularly dangerous, as runs hard and fast enough. There are attacks:
- severe weakness, inability to get out of bed;
- dizziness;
- vomiting;
- nightmares both characteristic lesions of brain tissue;
- syncope, failure of consciousness;
- bleeding gums, nosebleeds;
- skin bruises on the legs - swelling.
When lightning forms develop symptoms of coma and death is rare.
In chronic hepatitis B disease onset generally gradual, with the patient himself can not immediately observe the onset of disease.
The first signs of chronic hepatitis B:
- fatigue, gradually increasing weakness and drowsiness;
- difficulty in waking;
- disturbed sleep and waking cycles, daytime sleepiness and insomnia at night;
- appetite disorders arise nausea, bloating, vomiting;
- jaundice symptoms occur: dark urine, yellow sclera and conjunctiva (or persistent jaundice usually manifested by waves).
Treatment of Hepatitis B
The use of therapies aimed at dealing with viruses, to alleviate the condition of the patient, eliminating the manifestations of toxicity and liver damage.
For the purpose of therapy is carried out:
- special regime activities with the creation of rest - physical and psychological;
- the appointment of a special diet, "liver" of the table with the exception of fatty, spicy and loaded with baked goods, alcohol, salt restriction; fractional power and small portions;
- treatment with antiviral agents from the group of interferons;
- immunostimulant treatment to activate their own immunity;
- to eliminate the intoxication assigned drip solutions - gemodeza, poliglyukina, glucose, saline;
- was added in treatment formulations for maintaining liver function enzymes for improving the digestive, choleretic agent;
- vitamin shown for tonic action and rapid recovery of impaired metabolism.
In the future, in order to restore the immune system is necessary to conduct long-term courses of interferon to prevent the transfer of infection in a chronic form.
complications
They mostly occur in debilitated people with chronic pathology. Going hepatitis B chronic depends on the age. The younger the children are, the higher their chances of a chronic process. Up to five years, the risk of liver damage from chronic process is greatest.
prevention
The basis for the prevention of hepatitis B is a healthy lifestyle and faithfulness to their sexual partner.
Furthermore, it is important to use disposable instruments for any manipulation of the skin puncture, dental treatment, careful handling tools and hairstyles when shaving.
Vaccinations against hepatitis B
Vaccination against hepatitis B is carried out according to the national calendar.
Children being vaccinated three times, immediately after birth, one month and six months from the first vaccination. Adults vaccinate in the same way at any age. In this case, immunity lasts up to 10-15 years.
First of all grafted people from high-risk groups:
- doctors, people who work with biological materials
- patients of nursing homes, prisoners
- children of all ages
- family members of carriers of hepatitis
- patients receiving blood products or hemodialysis
- sexually active people
- travelers
- people with a diseased liver, and other hepatitis.
To date, vaccination against hepatitis B is relevant to all.
