The term "hemorrhagic fever" brings together a group of viral origin diseases with similar manifestations in which the leading role is given to the development of vascular damage or thrombosis bleeding.
The group of hemorrhagic fevers today attributed several diseases - yellow fever, Crimean-Congo, Omsk, fever with renal syndrome, Ebola and others.
Causes
Hemorrhagic fever may cause the five main types of the virus - Togaviridae, filoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses.
This is a group of infections, characterized by natural foci, that is spread in areas where there are many wild animals, virus carriers and carriers of ticks or mosquitoes discharge. The main animals that can be fevers data sources are proteins, bats, rodents, pets and monkeys.
For some types of hemorrhagic fevers and other characteristic propagation path. Allocate airborne dust path parenteral (through the blood and other biological fluid), food, water, through contact with infected animals.
Most often suffer from people who deal with animals, wildlife and farmland. Urban residents with the disease generally have contact with rodents.
In simplified form, the damage mechanisms in hemorrhagic fever can be represented as follows:
- vascular injury viruses or their metabolic products,
- violation of the integrity of the vessel walls, their inflammation in the lumen of the selection of biologically active substances,
- formation due to a lack of bleeding and development of the so-called DIC (Simultaneous massive clotting in some vessels and parallel bleeding because of low coagulation in others).
This results in a tissue hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and disorders of the heart, lung, kidney and brain, there is a massive blood loss. The severity of the disease will depend on the type of fever, the degree of immune activity and characteristics of the human body. Often hemorrhagic fever is more severe and finish high mortality.
Manifestations of hemorrhagic fever
Haemorrhagic fever - a classic infectious disease with phasic flow. Allocate the following steps:
- incubation - it is, depending on the type of virus that can last from several days to three weeks,
- initial prodrome period or step, lasting from days to weeks
- the height of the disease a manifestation of the typical signs of hemorrhagic fever and lasting for one to two weeks,
- the period of convalescence or recovery (or in some cases - death).
Recovery can take up to several months, especially in severe cases, and residual effects.
In the initial period of the symptoms of hemorrhagic fever are usually nonspecific. Usually occur:
- symptoms of intoxication,
- heat,
- disorders of consciousness up to delirium,
- petechial hemorrhages in the skin in the neck area and face, and sclera in the region of the mouth,
- cardiac arrhythmias or with an increase in the frequency of a slowdown,
- reducing the pressure,
- Blood analyzes revealed inflammatory response (leukocytosis, can be shifted) from a slight decrease in platelet count.
At the height can be:
- temporary drop in temperature,
- general state improvement, then again occurs deterioration,
- increases toxicosis,
- progressive disorder of consciousness,
- develop fine thrombosis and hemorrhage of injection sites, with mucosal surfaces, digestive and urinary tract,
- disturbed lung function, kidney and heart.
In the period of recovery gradually the symptoms disappear, the work of bodies recovered.
complications
Risk of hemorrhagic fever is severe and sometimes irreversible damage to vital organs:
- development of infectious-toxic shock,
- formation acute renal failure and self-poisoning organism,
- hemorrhage in the internal organs, including the brain,
- occurrence of coma,
- and in the worst cases - death from multiple organ failure (failure of all organs).
methods of diagnosis
The basis of the diagnosis - a clinical picture with instructions to stay in a disadvantaged area, insect bites or contact with animals. But to confirm the diagnosis requires detection of viruses in the blood or antibodies to them. Held:
- general blood analysis,
- urinalysis (especially for fevers with renal syndrome)
- biochemical analysis of blood and urine,
- serological tests,
- immunochemical and PCR methods of isolating virus or antibodies thereto,
- carry out the selection and study of viruses, if necessary.
Hemorrhagic fever should distinguish with severe capillary-toxic flu, Rickettsial diseases and meningococcal infection - they are accompanied by bleeding and similar expressions. Furthermore, it is necessary to distinguish these infections from blood diseases with bleeding (Shenlyayna-Henoch disease or Verlgofa).
Treatment of hemorrhagic fever
Diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease physicians involved, and sometimes resuscitators.
All people with suspected hemorrhagic fever be hospitalized in the boxing department of infectious hospital.
During acute manifestations shown parenteral nutrition during convalescence - light plant-milk diet enriched with vitamins, especially strengthens the vascular wall - vitamins PP, C and K.
Furthermore, solutions used intravenous infusion of glucose, blood transfusions, iron supplements, antihistamines. If necessary, administered platelet mass, coagulation factors.
Bed rest in the insulator is observed until full recovery. Subsequently, the patient has been quite a long time and have an infectious disease physician.
prevention
The main methods of combating hemorrhagic fevers include:
- destruction of rodents and insect vectors,
- thorough cleaning of areas of housing estates from grass and shrubs, wetlands,
- when working in the fields and forests is necessary to wear protective clothing, use of repellents,
- for the prevention of some types of hemorrhagic fever vaccines have been developed - the yellow fever and Omsk hemorrhagic fever.
