For evaluation of blood coagulation serum platelet count is determined. To understand what the platelets, it is necessary to find out what function they perform in the body. These platelets, also called plaques Bitstsotsero need to in places of vascular lesions to form clots. Platelets, the rate of which is different for men, women and children, live from 7 to 12 days.
Responsible for what and what is needed
Platelets are necessary for maintaining the functioning of blood vessels. They are an important part of the circulatory system and are responsible for maintaining the permeability of vascular walls and ensuring the consistency required blood.
Platelets in the blood are needed to stop bleeding, prevent profuse blood loss during soft tissue damage. They increase the viscosity of the blood and form plugs in the damaged vessels.
Needed platelets in the blood of an adult and a child to perform these functions:
- primary vascular occlusion;
- plasma coagulation;
- regeneration.
The process of sealing damaged blood vessels reduces blood loss and allows the blood to remain in the liquid state in the arteries, capillaries, veins. This is achieved through the interaction of the components of the vascular walls, blood cells and clotting factors that are in the outer layers Bitstsotsero plaques.
Plasma coagulation is necessary for the formation of a permanent platelet plug. From the platelet membrane phospholipids become prominent and α-granules with the active ingredients. In conjunction with the internal coagulation factors triggered cascade of reactions, in which is formed a dense fibrin clot. Initially, it condenses and dissipates after healing of the wound.
Platelets contain growth factors that are released in the destruction of these cells. Under their action is provided by recovery and division of endothelial cells.
Protection against penetration into the wound pathogens is provided by the presence of in-lysine and lysozyme. Hence, platelets also serve as protective function. The cells responsible for blood clotting, and perform other support functions. They transport the hormones and enzymes that destroy viruses and antigens. In the body, they need to ensure that natural hemostasis, endothelial power and accelerate the wound healing process.
look like
Platelets - largest blood cells, the diameter is from 2 to 5 microns. They are formed in the bone marrow. Each platelet cell has a spherical shape, it does not have the core.
According to the circulatory system cells move by means prolegs. After contact with the injured epithelium appearance varies Bitstsotsero plaques. It is as follows:
- Each of the cells appear to 10 shoots which exceed the size of its body;
- processes are open and cover the wound, stopping the bleeding.
According to the level of platelets can judge the intensity of the process of hematopoiesis taking place in the body.
What do you call an analysis on platelets
For the evaluation of the organism is desired periodically people donate blood count, platelets therein abbreviated as PLT. Separate blood test to determine the amount of platelets in the body are not taken.
To assess the functioning of the coagulation system can take a blood test on platelets and clotting. To determine the number of platelet cells makes the KLA, to evaluate their work allows coagulation. In the analysis, do:
- APTT test;
- prothrombin time study;
- fibrinogen test;
- determination of thrombin time;
- plasminogen analysis.
Patients are not necessarily remember how called the study: if you suspect problems with clotting doctor should appoint coagulation, which includes all of the tests.
How much should be normal
platelet norms vary depending on the patient's age and gender. In women during the menstrual cycle in the blood platelet count can vary. Focusing on the reference values, it is possible to say how much a healthy person should be blood elements responsible for its clotting.
During the day in a healthy person the contents of these cells can vary within 10%.
Childhood
platelet levels in the blood normally associated with the age of the child. For a normal newborn level will be at rates of from 100 to 420 IU h109 / l (or thousand. U / l).
As they get older the range of reference values is changing:
| Age | Platelets EDh109 / l |
| 1-12 months | 179-450 |
| 1-5 years | 160-399 |
| 5-7 years | 180-390 |
| 7-16 years | 160-390 |
In healthy children, the blood platelet count should be within the established norms. When changing their numbers are assigned additional tests for diagnosis.
Adults
Norm analysis of platelets in the blood in adult patients varies depending on their age. As they get older the amount of blood these elements is reduced, if should be from 180 to 400 thousand in the 16-35 years old. U / L, the patients 36-60 years the upper limit of normal is reduced to 340 thousand in the elderly over 60 years old -. To 320 thousand.
by gender norms
Norms of platelets in the blood of women and men vary, in most laboratories specified average reference values for adult patients.
In men, plaque Bitstsotsero content should be between 200-400 thousand. U / .mu.l.
For women, the normal level is considered to be 180-320 thousand., But during menstruation is allowed to decrease their number to 75-220 U / L. Because of these fluctuations do not recommend patients to be tested for blood platelets and blood clotting during menstruation.
The causes of variances
Complete blood analysis allows to assess whether the normal platelet count. When deviations are often recommended to be tested again to eliminate the error. The results depend on the laboratory used a method of counting cells. Depending on the capabilities of the medical institutions to determine the number of platelets in 1 l of blood in a person use:
- counting chamber using a phase-contrast device;
- hematology analyzers;
- stained blood smears (Fonio method).
The possibility of wider hematology analyzers, their use minimizes the risk of error that exists when counting platelets stained glass. The analyzer allows not only to determine the average volume, but also to separate the platelets from the old young, define their relationship. On the functional activity and age indicates the size of cells: in the aging process activity and the size of platelet decrease.
In addition to quantitative evaluate desirable and quality indicators. To clarify the diagnosis is necessary to clarify the case of deviations:
- PDW - platelet volume distribution index shows the degree of change in size of cells;
- ratio of platelets to total blood volume;
- MPV - the average amount of platelet cells.
Change in the heterogeneity of the PDW cells may indicate the development of such pathologies:
- inflammation;
- anemia;
- worm infestation;
- malignant neoplasms.
The average volume of blood cells affect the performance of their basic functions. In the event of a fault indicator MPV change rate of clot formation, the duration of bleeding.
elevated levels
In severe hemorrhage platelet level increases. Body is designed so that as soon as possible to compensate for the shortage of blood cells. In the first few hours their amount decreases and then increases sharply. Therefore, increasing the number of platelets in the body after the bleeding is normal.
But if the bleeding was not, and platelet count is greater than normal, the cause could be:
- cancer (kidney cancer, liver, blood);
- tuberculosis;
- enteritis;
- arthritis;
- infectious diseases in the acute form;
- polycythemia;
- anemia;
- Hodgkin's disease;
- a lot of stress.
To understand what is meant by elevated platelets can then conduct a comprehensive survey. Before his appointment is necessary to collect history. Changes in the number of cells responsible for blood clotting can occur in people who:
- alcohol abuse;
- had surgery;
- are overweight.
The increase in the content of their possible when taking certain medications. Thrombocytosis may cause the development of thrombocythemia.
To ensure you have doctors deviations recommended to be tested at least 3 times over the 2 weeks. In addition to the general blood examination, are appointed:
- coagulation;
- Analysis of urine;
- checking the level of C-reactive protein;
- analysis showing the levels of iron;
- Abdominal ultrasound.
Further tactics of actions is determined by the results of the analysis of the collected medical history and the patient's complaints.
reduced level
Reduced platelet count is called thrombocytopenia. The most common cause of development is taking certain medications. For example, a job clotting effect of aspirin.
Lowering the platelet parameters can talk about:
- cirrhosis;
- hepatitis;
- bone marrow diseases;
- some types of leukemia;
- disorders of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism);
- megaloblastic anemia;
- myocardial infarction;
- hypercholesterolemia;
- pregnancy;
- inflammatory processes;
- kidney disease.
The content of these non-nuclear cells is reduced in patients with chronic alcoholism. With a decrease in the number of platelets increases the risk of major bleeding with injuries, operations. If thrombocytopenia is changing the elasticity of the blood cells, they become more fragile.
To determine the cause of deviations is prescribed such studies:
- determining blood coagulation time;
- Pelvic ultrasound, abdominal cavity, thyroid gland;
- test for genetic mutation (if there is a suspicion on the development of hereditary thrombocytopenia);
- analysis on hormones, which are produced by the thyroid gland.
Sometimes, as a method of additional diagnostics using MRI.
Methods for normalization of values
In identifying reasons provoked quantitative deviation from the norm for the normalization of parameters necessary to eliminate it. Parallel prescribed therapy to increase or decrease the level of platelets. Accelerate recovery is possible, if you do the doctor's advice and avoid the physical and emotional overload.
How to raise the level of
To increase platelet levels in the body can be, if you start the prescribed therapy and review lifestyle. First of all you need to do the treatment of the underlying pathology, provoke deviations. At the same time you need to take medications that affect the process of platelet production. Most often for therapeutic purposes prescribed hormonal steroid prednisolone.
Also recommended:
- revise the diet;
- to exclude drugs that can provoke thrombocytopenia (in the list get some antidepressants and antibiotics);
- take vitamins C, B12, A;
- set the mode of the day.
desirable to avoid spicy food from the menu, alcohol, pickles, sea kale. To increase the level of platelets in the diet are advised to include green apples, cranberries, carrots, bell peppers, liver, red meat, fish, buckwheat. Expand the diet, you can use peanuts, almonds, vegetables, bananas.
Of particular importance are avoiding harmful habits, normalization of sleep and wakefulness.
During treatment it is necessary to completely abandon the activities traumatic sports. Treatment lasts on average from 2 to 6 months.
How to reduce the number of
To reduce platelet recommend to determine the causes of thrombocytosis first. Normalize their levels will be difficult, if not eliminate the factors that led to deviations.
As methods for adjunctive therapy for thrombocytopenia recommend:
- taking Aspirin Cardiomagnyl or other drug, which includes acetylsalicylic acid;
- review the menu, giving up bananas, pomegranates, nuts, rose, banana;
- add to the diet products, blood thinners (lemons, ginger, tomatoes, blueberries, flaxseed oil, etc.);
- drink at least 2.5 liters of water daily.
General drug therapy in consultation with the doctor can be supplemented by popular recipes, the use of which reduces the platelets in the blood. Quickly reduce the level of plaque Bitstsotsero can use garlic tincture or infused ginger powder. Practice shows that to reduce platelet volume lighter than increase the number.
The more dangerous deviation from the norm
Increasing levels of platelets to critical indicators may be indicative of essential thrombocythemia. This condition is accompanied by the appearance of these symptoms:
- hemorrhagic syndrome - there are bruising, increased bleeding gums, there is a risk of gastrointestinal bleeding;
- cerebrovascular ischemia - manifested by headaches, dizziness, nausea, performance deterioration;
- rodonalgia - characterized by the appearance of pulsating acute pain in the extremities, they are amplified during exercise.
Thrombocythemia at increased risk of thrombosis of the arteries. Affects the vessels of the brain, lung, coronary arteries, the vessels that feed the limbs. This condition is dangerous for pregnant women - they occur multiple infarcts of the placenta, increases the risk of miscarriage, premature labor, detachment of the placenta or fetal growth retardation.
When thrombocytopenia main danger is bleeding that is difficult to stop. In some cases, for the normalization of the accounts even transfuse patients platelet mass. With the development of internal bleeding may be fatal. Dangerous is cerebral hemorrhage.
Patients with thrombocytopenia general state remains satisfactory even in cases where platelets decreases to 30-50 thousand. U / .mu.l. Due to lack of time to identify the symptoms of the disease is not always possible.
