Tuberculosis. Symptoms in adult as shown, is transmitted, step, the first signs, treatment folk remedies, medicated

Tuberculosis - a chronic pathology infectious nature, caused by the emergence of an active and reproduction in the body of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which previously was known as Koch's bacillus. Most often in adults the symptoms of the disease manifest themselves in respiratory organs.

In this case, bone, joint elements, organs of the urogenital system, lymph nodes and visual organs can also be affected by this pathogen. In exceptional cases, the cause of tuberculosis may be other species of bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium.

The most common route of human infection is transmission of infection airborne or contact method.

Less commonly, the bacteria are transmitted through the alimentary, ie with contaminated food, absorbed through the mouth. When the type of respiratory infection in a carrier bacteria (infected) acts as a reservoir of infection. He when coughing with phlegm identifies mycobacteria, which spread through the air.

In this way 1 infected can transmit the bacterium 10 people over a period of 1 year with open forms of tuberculosis. The closed form of the disease can only be transmitted through close contact other household waste.

You can become infected and also from livestock in the use of milk, eggs and other products.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis belongs to a group of gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria is representative of a class of actinomycetes. Such bacteria can be destroyed by an acid, and also very resistant to environmental factors. They can survive for a long time, but the direct exposure to direct sunlight for them fatal.

They also have the ability to generate an immune system in the human body without the development of a pathology due to the formation malovirulentnyh forms.

The bacterium that causes the development of tuberculosis disease may be a long time in the body and does not provoke the development of disease. Its ability to activate long-term failure to comply with rules of personal hygiene, reducing the body's natural protective barriers and a weak immune system.

types of diseases

Types of tuberculosis can be divided into 2 groups:

• primary;
• secondary.

Large groups of diseases are classified into smaller ones. Thus, the primary tuberculosis may be:

• dolokalnym;

So it called tubercular kind of intoxication. It is diagnosed mainly in children of school and pre-school age as well as adolescents.

• localized;

For this kind of TB include a comprehensive tuberculosis primary lesion. It includes a place of penetration of the infectious bacteria in an organism or disease site and the defeat in the lymph nodes inside the chest.

Secondary tuberculosis is divided into two forms, depending on the location of the place:

• pulmonary;
• non-pulmonary.

In turn, pulmonary tuberculosis on the extent and severity can be:

1. Miliary. It is a dangerous form of tuberculosis, in which there is the formation of tubercles in different organs and tissues. It is also characterized by the absence of expressed nodal period.
2. Disseminated. The clinical appearance of tuberculosis, accompanied by the formation in the lungs of a plurality of focal inflammation due hematogenous transport bacteria.
3. Focal. Tuberculosis, which is characterized by a limited spread of infection, especially in the lungs.
4. Infiltrative. Characterized by the formation exudative pneumatic formations with caseous destruction in the middle.
5. Cavernous. Tuberculosis, accompanied by the formation of cavities.
6. Fibrosis cavernous. Characterized by the formation in the lung cavity cavities which are provided with thick walls of fibrosis.
7. Cirrhotic. This type of tuberculosis is the final stage of development of the pathology and is characterized by numerous pnevmotsirroza which prevails over a specific lesion lung tissues.

Separately, it decided to allocate:

• tuberculoma;
• caseous pneumonia type;
• tubercular inflammation of the pleura;
• plevricheskuyu empyema;
• sarcoidosis.

As a non-pulmonary tuberculosis isolated lesions:

• brain to the spinal column;
• meninges;
• Digestive tract;
• lymph nodes;
• joint and bone cells;
• organs of the reproductive system;
• urinary system;
• skin.

Rarely it may result in other organs and tissues.

Stage and grade

Symptoms of TB in adults are shown differently, depending on what stage of development is a pathology.

Distinguish 2 basic level:

• primary;
• secondary.

For the flow of primary disease characterized by the development of tuberculosis infection in the penetration zone of the body, which is called the hearth.

For the tissues surrounding the center, characterized by increased susceptibility to the pathogen. In the first hours after the penetration of bacteria into the organism activates the immune system and production begins specific antibodies that are able to resist infection.

Inflammatory focus occurs in the cavity or the lungs of intrathoracic lymph nodes in the case of air-drip method of transmission. When alimentary or everyday method of transport bacteria inflammation can also develop in the digestive system or the skin.

In this case, the dispersion of the infection can be carried throughout the body with the flow of blood and lymph circulation, which contributes to the formation of new foci of infection.

After the cure of the disease, focal inflammation heal, but the body produces strong immunity that can resist bacteria causing tuberculosis. Even in the presence of immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it can be resumed in the centers of the past infection.

This disease is the status of the secondary and may be due to the following reasons:

• a weakened immune system;
• adolescence;
• weakening of the body due to natural aging;
• immunodeficiency syndrome;
• hormonal drugs;
• diabetes.

During the course of disease development are the following steps:

• infiltration;
• disintegration;
• obsemenitelny process;
• absorbable process;
• seal;
• scarring;
• calcification.

The flow of typical steps for both primary and secondary to tuberculosis.

symptoms

Tuberculosis - a disease which has a large number of clinical types, so it can manifest a variety of symptoms.

For the chronic course of pathology is characterized by:

• hyperthermia;
• general weakness;
• tachycardia;
• increased sweating;
• loss of appetite;
• deterioration in operability;
• a sharp decrease in weight.

In general, chronic tuberculosis is characterized by general intoxication of the organism. Also a long time, it may be asymptomatic, without causing discomfort to the patient. Progressive infection is characterized by symptoms similar to chronic.

However, in this case, there was a significant reduction in weight, the appearance of blush on the cheeks and long, but not a significant increase in body temperature. The main symptom of pulmonary tuberculosis is the presence of persistent cough for several weeks. It may also be seen coughing up blood clots. More severe forms can cause pulmonary hemorrhage.

Defeat the bacterium that causes tuberculosis of the meninges, can be diagnosed through the presence of the following symptoms:

• signs of intoxication (weakness, fever, and sweating al.);
• occurrence of sleep disorders;
• regular headaches;
• nausea and vomiting;
• neurological disorders;
• Kernig symptom;
• muscle rigidity, located at the back;
• Brudzinskogo symptom.

Development of this type of TB can last between 7 to 14 days. The group claim there are people who are suffering from diabetes and patients with immunodeficiency.

digestive organ damage is characterized by disturbances in bowel habits, and are accompanied by diarrhea or constipation. It is also noted abdominal pain, blood in the stool, and dyspepsia.

Tuberculosis of the genitourinary body system is characterized by the following symptoms:

• back pain;
• blood in the urine;
• dysuria;
• pain when urinating.

In the absence of competent treatment with this type of disease, tuberculosis can cause infertility.

Cutaneous tuberculosis uzlovidnyh causes formation of seals under the skin, which can be opened outward and release a white curdy matter. With the defeat of tuberculosis of bones and joints, they lose their strength, which provokes frequent fractures. Also in this form of the disease may manifest symptoms of arthritis.

Causes of

Tuberculosis - Symptoms in adults may differ depending on the type of disease, but it does not apply to the causes of disease. The same causes may give rise to various forms of the disease.

The main factors that can trigger the development of tuberculosis include:

• low level of everyday life;
• the presence of harmful habits, such as drug addiction, alcohol consumption and smoking;
• an unbalanced diet, which contains an insufficient amount of vitamins and proteins;
• prolonged exposure to stress, which significantly depletes the body;
• the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus;
• lowered immunity.

These reasons can trigger the development of tuberculosis in almost any person, but among them there are those who are at risk and a higher risk of becoming infected.

These include:

• people who live or work in the same territory infected with active tuberculosis;
• medical staff and correctional institutions;
• patients with chronic or long-term is acute pathologies, reduced immunity;
• people suffering from diabetes and pathologies of the digestive system;
• Patients who have suffered any form of tuberculosis.

The bacterium causing tuberculosis, once in the body, can not immediately trigger the disease. Only disorders of the immune system are able to run its further development.

Diagnostics

Due to the fact that tuberculosis is often asymptomatic, in medicine, widespread diagnosis and methods of prevention of such diseases. People of all ages is recommended annually to carry out preventive measures aimed at identifying tuberculosis.

All the main diagnostic methods can be divided into 3 groups:

• immunology;
• research in the laboratory;
• tools.

The most popular method of immunological detection of bacteria in children is a Mantoux test, which is necessarily carried out regularly in the annual vaccination calendar. It is free for students in all schools. The essence of the method lies in the fact that the skin is injected drug called Tuberculin.

72 hours after inoculation estimated result, in case of positive reaction of the child sent to additional inspection. It is also often used for the detection of tuberculosis diaksintest. However, it has a significant disadvantage because it detects the infection only in the active life phase bacteria.

Latent forms of infection such test to detect it. Among the adult population of tuberculosis detected with laboratory studies. The most accessible and popular way is to lung X-ray that can detect pockets of breeding bacteria.

In order to identify the causative agent following diagnostic methods are used:

• sputum;
• CT lung;
• Koch sample;
• bronchoscopy;
• MRI;
• EEG;
• ultrasonography.

Among the instrumental methods are most commonly used:

1. Bronchoscopy. The method involves examination of the bronchi and three.
2. Bronchoscopic lavage. The method involves sampling lavage fluid.
3. Plevroskopiya. The method is based on the examination of the pleural fluid.

All procedures aimed at identifying the causative agent of tuberculosis can go free in the district clinic under the policy of compulsory medical insurance or a specialized medical facility, which is aimed at treatment tuberculosis.

When to see a doctor

Tuberculosis - Symptoms in adults the disease may not manifest themselves for a long time, so you need to undergo an annual checkup to rule out the development of disease in the body. For children and adolescents under 18 years of this procedure is the Mantoux test and chest X-ray for adults.

In that case, if there were any signs of a possible emergence of tuberculosis should immediately consult your doctor for advice. Depending on the age of the patient it may be a pediatrician or a therapist.

You can also visit a doctor whose specialty is aimed only at the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis - TB specialist. You should also get professional advice and pass all necessary tests if recent contact with an infected person. Especially need such events, if a person is infected with active tuberculosis.

prevention

Preventive measures are carried out at the national level with the participation of specialized institutions to combat tuberculosis and medical institutions. As part of the prevention of organized annual x-ray examination for the working population and the Mantoux test for high school and college students under 18 years of age.

Because of the neglect of these measures can not see the initial stages of developing the disease because of the lack of visible symptoms. Luda diagnosed with active TB are isolated to stop the spread of the disease. Also, as a preventative measure serves the vaccine that contribute to the formation of natural immunity.

Vaccination is carried out with a vaccine or other preventive BC chemicals. The people who received the vaccine, tuberculosis is easier and easier to be cured. Formation of a stable immunity occurs within 60 days after drug administration and is effective up to 6-7 years.

More serious events with the use of chemical substances are carried out in respect of the following persons:

• people who had contact with the infected;
• people who have a negative tuberculin skin test.

Since trigger the growth and development of the tubercle bacillus may disturbances in the immune system, it is necessary to maintain its normal state. preventive measures should be taken for the development of a variety of diseases and take vitamin complexes. It is also worth to observe good personal hygiene and not in contact with people suffering from tuberculosis.

therapies

Methods of treating tuberculosis may vary depending on the stage of development of pathology.

All methods of treatment can be divided into several groups:

• therapeutic;
• physiotherapy;
• dietary;
• Surgical.

In the event that the disease was detected at an early stage, it is easy to therapy, while the destructive forms of tuberculosis are treated or running very long and difficult. In such cases, the duration of treatment may be more than 1 year, combining different methods of healing. In general, use a set of physiotherapy and therapeutic interventions.

Initially, any form of pathology treated in the TB hospital in order to stop the release of bacteria. After that, the patient is referred for outpatient treatment until they are cured. Also, persons who have undergone a course of treatment is recommended to continue its recovery in institutions, as a sanatorium or dispensary.

In particularly severe cases, when conservative treatment methods are useless, performed surgery. Often such methods seek refuge in the event of complications or cavernous tuberculosis. The most common surgical method of treatment using partial pulmonary resection with excision of the affected areas. Collapse therapy is also often used.

One of the methods to get rid of tuberculosis is administering to the patient a diet №11.

It is used only in combination with other treatments and is not effective without them. Such food fills in the body lack of B vitamins, ascorbic acid and light proteins. Bed rest is recommended for patients with severe forms of tuberculosis. For other more useful fresh air.

Medications

Tuberculosis - Symptoms in adults can help ease the medication, which are divided into 5 main groups:

• basic;

rifampicin - oblong capsule orange semi-synthetic antibiotic.

You need to take the drug 1 time per day for 3 to 4 times a week. Duration of treatment is determined individually. Price from 320 rubles.

pyrazinamide - round tablets white color, you need to take into 1 time per day 2 to 3 times a week. Duration of treatment is determined individually. Price from 150 rubles.

• reserve;

ethionamide - orange pills, which are worth to take 3 times a day. The duration of therapy is determined individually. Price from 60 rubles. Amikacin - White powder intended for solution. Intravenously or intramuscularly in a dosage prescribed by the doctor. Price from 40 rubles.

• fluoroquinolones;

ofloxacin - white coated tablets, which must be taken 2 times a day for the duration prescribed by a doctor. Price from 180 rubles. Levofloxacin - white pills that must be taken for 1-2 units per day for a period of 7 to 14 days, depending on the severity of the disease. Price from 250 rubles.

• bacteriostatic;

Etonamid - Tablets are under a film cover, which must be taken into 1 piece 1 times a day. Duration of the course is determined by the doctor. Price from 60 rubles.

• with unproven activity.

amoxiclav - white oblong tablets. Duration and dosage of the treating physician. Price from 110 rubles.

Traditional methods

The use of traditional medicine with herbal remedies in the treatment of tuberculosis is able to speed up the treatment of diseases and alleviate the patient's condition. However, such methods can not cope with the disease on their own, so they should be used only in combination with conventional therapies.

Among traditional medicine recipes are most effective are:

• decoction of cherries;
• broth from aloe;
• beet broth.

To prepare the broth will need cherry products:

Ingredient	amount
Vodka	0.5 l
Sugar	0.5 kg
dried cherries	150 g

To prepare a decoction, sugar must be filled with vodka and wait until it is completely dissolved. Followed pour cherries into solution and bring it to the boil and simmer boiled for half an hour. Ready strain broth and leave for 1-2 hours. Accept drink 4 times a day before meals for 15 g to complete recovery.

For this recipe decoction of Aloe will need the following products:

Ingredient	amount
Aloe	1 large sheet
Water	100 ml
liquid honey	300 g

To prepare the broth must be crushed aloe leaf aloe, mix it with the liquid honey and pour the mixture with water. Then the mixture was put on fire and bring to a boil and let stand for 1.5-2 h. broth followed by a filter and take 3 times a day for 1 st. l. for 2 months. Keep the broth needed in a glass container.

To cook the beet broth, you need the following products:

Ingredient	amount
Beet	0.5 kg
Sugar	2 kg
Yeast	0.5 kg
Water	Of necessity

To prepare the broth beets need to grate and add water to the vegetable completely immersed in it. The mixture is then necessary to boil and add the yeast with the sugar and mix well. The mixture should be placed in a container with a tight lid and put into a warm place for 7 days. A week later, decoction should take 1 tbsp. l. 3 times a day for 6 months.

Other methods

Tuberculosis - Symptoms in adults may differ, so their treatment can be carried out by various methods. In addition to therapy with the help of drugs and recipes of traditional medicine, and nutritional therapy is also used. Against the background of tuberculosis is often observed the development of vitamin deficiency, anemia and sudden weight loss.

In order to avoid such consequences, prescribed diet food, which contains a balanced complex of substances of vitamin and protein, which are easily assimilated by the body. It is also one of the methods of relief of symptoms of tuberculosis among patients suffering from alcohol or drug addiction is detoxification.

Excretion of such substances contributes to more efficient exposure of traditional therapy methods.

physiotherapy methods are now used extensively for the treatment of tuberculosis, which include:

• light treatment;
• ultrasound therapy;
• treatment using high frequency;
• electricity therapy;
• magnetic therapy;
• exposure using vibration;
• UHF-therapy.

In the most difficult cases and the appearance of complications, the following types of surgery:

• thoracoplasty;
• pulmonary resection;
• setting the seal on the pleura;
• torakostomiya;
• removal of lymph nodes;
• Plevroektomiya.

The choice of treatment in each case remains with the attending physician, depending on the type of disease and its severity. Also takes into account the patient's general state of health.

possible complications

Having multiple forms of TB provides an extensive list of possible complications of the disease in the absence of timely treatment. Depending on the type of pathology may appear different consequences. Complications of pulmonary tuberculosis mainly affect the lung tissue.

Among them are the most common:

• bronchial stenosis;
• pulmonary insufficiency with the development of widespread violations of the blood vessels transport along the bed;
• expectoration of blood clots and pulmonary hemorrhage;
• sudden pneumothorax;
• pulmonary atelectasis;
• pleural empyema;
• perforations in the lung tissue of bronchial or thoracic type.

As pulmonary complications are not the type of TB can develop diseases of various organs and tissues.

However, the most common are:

• Tissue amyloidosis;
• renal failure;
• infertility;
• adrenal insufficiency.

Also among the main complications can develop and the following:

• extensive fungal infection;
• pulmonary and cardiac insufficiency;
• specific allergic reactions;
• tuberculoma;
• bronchodilators;
• pulmonary fibrosis.

Sometimes the complications of tuberculosis note runny nose. However, it is not such and may simply be a companion, so runny easy to therapy.

Tuberculosis is a serious disease, which is a danger that it may be asymptomatic for a long time. For this reason, adults and children should undergo an annual all preventive measures for early detection and treatment of disease to avoid complications.

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