All of osteoporotic bones

GENERAL INFORMATION

This disease, like osteoporosis bone disease is considered to be common among older patients - from 55-60 years. It is in this age group, osteoporosis is the most common cause of bone fractures.

Also at risk include women during menopause, when there are marked changes in metabolism and hormonal system, reduced ovarian activity. Female sex hormones are actively involved in bone metabolism. The sharp decrease in their content of the organism in menopausal period causes a decrease in bone mineral density (osteopenia), which ultimately leads to the formation of osteoporosis.

This bone disease such as osteoporosis, characterized by a progressive character. In a significant number of cases in patients with this disease there is a violation of the structure and bone density, is diagnosed increased fragility of bones. Over time, the bone tissue is markedly atrophied spinal deformity occurs accordingly, changing posture, marked disturbances in gait, etc.

The main risk for osteoporosis - a

injury at the slightest loads. Most often, the early stages of the disease has no symptoms, people neglect the diagnosis and detect deviations after the injury occurred.

The symptoms and treatment of osteoporosis are directly dependent on the severity of mineral deficiency in bone and thereby change their structure.

CAUSES

The leading cause of osteoporosis - a reduction in bone density, a significant reduction in their strength, leaching of calcium from the body.

These changes are the norm for people after the age of 60 years. However, in some patients, such deviations observed before.

There are many risk factors (RF), provoke the formation of this disease. They can be divided into several groups.

Genetic risk factors:

• Heredity - osteoporosis, pathological fractures in blood relatives.
• The age of patients older than 60 years.
• Female.
• Underweight.
• High growth.
• Lactose intolerance (milk protein).
• Low peak bone mass.

Hormonal risk factors:

• Late menarche (onset of menses).
• Early menopause.
• Infertility.
• Hormonal disorders of any etiology (endocrine pathology).
• Irregular menstrual cycle amenorrhea type.

Lifestyle:

• Abuse addictions (eg, tobacco and alcohol).
• Physical inactivity (sedentary life is not enough).
• Prolonged and / or excessive physical strain.
• Passion for caffeine-containing beverages.
• Poor nutrition - insufficient content in food microelements (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus) and vitamin D.
• Excessive consumption of meat products.

Prolonged use of some drugs:

• Steroids and some other hormones.
• Diuretics.
• Antacids (such as those containing aluminum in its composition).
• Anticoagulants.
• Lithium-containing medicines.
• Antagonists of gonadotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
• Tetracycline and its derivatives.
• Phenothiazine and its derivatives.
• Drugs for chemotherapy of cancer.

Comorbidities:

• Autoimmune diseases.
• Endocrine and metabolic diseases - diabetes, diseases of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and other structures.
• The pathology of the blood and of the blood (anemia, leukemia and so on. P.).
• Chronic circulatory insufficiency or kidney function.
• Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by malabsorption.
• State after transplantation.

CLASSIFICATION

Basic degree of osteoporosis are:

• first degree - diagnosed solely on radiographs. Accompanied by softly symptomatic, there is a slight brittleness of bones, there is deterioration in the quality of hair, skin staining.
• second degree - mild form in which the thinning of the trabeculae marked, moderate decrease in bone density.
• third degree - with this development of the disease can be revealed deformation in some parts of the spine, back gradually formed hump.
• fourth degree - the most serious degree of manifestation of osteoporosis. Bones practically "glow" that becomes noticeable during radiography. In some places formed bone thickening, the patient is susceptible to injury at the slightest physical activity.

Depending on the cause of origin, osteoporosis is:

• primary (expressed as an independent disease);
• secondary (a consequence of disease or medication).

The types of diseases:

• senile (70+ occurs in people older age category due to lower calcium and of vitamin D, is expressed in muscle weakness, problems with coordination, weakness);
• diffuse, glass, uniform (accompanied by thinning of the material of substantially all bone disease amenable to treatment difficult, since due to age-related changes in tissue);
• system (in which case there is a decrease in bone mass throughout, so bone often broken, deformed, changes occur rapidly);
• postmenopausal women (forms more than 80% of the diagnosed disease forms, develops against the backdrop of fading of the ovaries, a high risk of fractures of the joints, long bones, forearm etc.);
• spotted (in places where bone is thinned, the image is formed with stains, spots, primary reason - violation patient calcium-phosphorus exchange process).

By location problems distinguish these types of disease:

• brushes;
• bones (considered metabolic aberration, when the process of destruction of bone substance prevails over formation process);
• stop (accompanied by a change in the lower limb structures may be asymptomatic);
• backbone (considered the most severe form of disease, in this case broken posture develops stoop, reduced growth);
• joints (has a great similarity with osteoarthritis, as often defeat falls on the hip, knee, etc.).

Regardless of the form and type of osteoporosis should be treated urgently, turning to an experienced podiatrist.

RISK GROUP

The risk for osteoporosis primarily includes women age group over 55 years of age who are going through menopause. In addition, patients with osteoporosis are subject to a reduced level of sex hormones, people with a higher level sweating, low birth weight, family history, as well as those who lead a sedentary life.

SYMPTOMS

Since there is demineralization of bone mass, bone structure is hollow, porous. This provokes frequent occurrence of injuries (fractures) at the slightest stress.

The disease for a long time It can occur completely asymptomatic. The first symptoms of osteoporosis often appear on the stage of severe osteopenia and are expressed in the occurrence of fractures. Typically fractures are detected in the thorax (rib) of the vertebral bodies, neck of the femur, long bones.

The main manifestations of osteoporosis:

• Pain syndrome in areas where there is a disruption of bone structure (this knee and other joints, wrist, spine, feet, etc.). Everything depends on the location of osteoporosis. A feature of such pain is that ordinary painkillers are not cropped it.
• The sharp decline in performance.
• Reduced growth (from 2.5 cm up to 1 year).
• Pronounced thoracic kyphosis.
• Distinct skin folds on the lateral surfaces of the thorax.
• Diseases of the gums and excessive deposition of plaque.
• Violation of posture.
• Abnormal gait, lameness.
• Frequent palpitations.
• Convulsive manifestations (especially during sleep).
• Increased fragility of hair, gray hair at an early age.
• Swelling at the site of the lesion osteoporosis.
• Crunch during movements.
• Violation of the mobility of joints.
• Irritability, a tendency to frequent depressions.

With the progression of the disease appear more severe symptoms, treatment in such cases should start immediately.

DIAGNOSTICS

Establish an accurate diagnosis only on the basis of complaints of the patient is not possible. Indeed, under the signs of osteoporosis may be masked by other diseases of the musculoskeletal system, requiring a different approach to treatment.

Modern diagnostic capabilities allow us to solve several problems at once: to identify the presence of osteoporosis and its consequences, evaluate the degree of osteopenia, and to determine the possible cause of this pathology.

osteoporosis diagnosis techniques:

• Examination by a podiatrist (a surgeon, a neurologist).
• skeletal radiography (a multi-view for a clearer picture, the method is effective in case of loss of bone mass over a third).
• MRI and CT scans.
• X-ray or ultrasound bone densitometry (measured bone mineral density).
• Isotope absorptiometry.
• General and biochemical analysis of blood (indicating the concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and other indicators).
• General and biochemical analysis of urine.
• Determination of daily calcium release by the kidneys (estimated extent of absorption of trace elements in the digestive tract structures).
• A study of hormonal status.

The leading method of assessment of bone loss in the diagnosis of osteoporosis is bone densitometry. This method allows one to accurately measure the bone mass, to assess the structural density and bone tissue to determine the extent of osteopenia. In most European countries densitometry is recommended every two years for all women older than 45 years and for men - 50 years. If you have any risk factors for development of osteoporosis begins to conduct this survey should be used.

TREATMENT

Treatment of bone osteoporosis is engaged mainly orthopedist who is also required to monitor for therapy. Women in the menopausal period should consult a gynecologist and an endocrinologist to correct hormonal disorders during this period.

Treat osteoporosis complex is necessary. First of all, it should be possible to identify and eliminate the cause, lead to loss of bone mass (undo "triggers" drugs hold treatment of the underlying disease and the like. D.).

further held symptomatic and pathogenetic therapy, Which is aimed at slowing or stopping bone loss and reduction to the normal process of bone remodeling. All these measures prevent the occurrence of fractures in the future and significantly improve the quality of life of the patient.

For effective treatment of osteoporosis apply these actions:

• Drug effects.
• Therapeutic exercise (yoga, stretching, swimming, walking and other exercise stress).
• Massage.
• Orthopedic treatment with the development of complications.
• Diet therapy (implies consumption of foods which are rich in calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus).
• Vitamin therapy.
• Supplementation with micronutrients.
• Fresh air, and so on. D.

Drug therapy is aimed at relief of the major symptoms of the disease, and - the impact on the mechanisms of the development of this pathology.

For example, for the reduction of pain in osteoporosis are various painkillers, muscle relaxants.

The basis of the treatment of osteoporosis is prescriptions impeding further resorption (degradation) of bone mass. These include preparations female sex hormones (estrogens), bisphosphonates and calcitonin. To date, it proved that long-term use in postmenopausal women means the period hormone replacement therapy (HRT), more than half reduces the risk of fractures bones.

Medications that affect the build-up of bone mass, are also included in the set of drug therapy in patients with osteoporosis.

These include fluorine-containing drugs, androgens, anabolic agents and others.

In addition to these groups of medicines, in osteoporosis therapy preparations may be assigned additional vitamin D, ossein hydroxyapatite complex, and others.

For the treatment of osteoporosis, in addition to medicinal products, can be used and some traditional medicines. However, before the application of such methods is necessary to consult with your doctor.

PREVENTION

For prevention of osteoporosis apply:

• rejection of bad habits;
• physical activity;
• Frequent walks in the fresh air;
• massage;
• balanced diet;
• treatment of chronic diseases;
• Control of hormonal disorders;
• application of HRT in postmenopausal women (assigned gynecologist after pre-examination);
• the use of vitamin and mineral supplements;
• combating disadvantage of body weight;
• the optimal mode of relaxation and work;
• Regular monitoring at the orthopedist, surgeon and gynecologist (for women).

FORECAST

The forecast for recovery depends on the extent and timeliness of detection of osteopenia and accuracy correction of the pathological condition.

Since osteoporosis is considered disease of the elderlyUnfortunately, avoid this disease is not always possible. The main danger for osteoporosis - a trauma and its consequences. But doctors are inclined to say that not all cases of osteoporosis is an "accompaniment" of old age. That the disease is not touched, it should comply with preventive measures and carefully monitor their health.

It is also important to consider the presence of background diseases or conditions leading to the development of this disease and in the treatment of osteoporosis, bone produce them adequate correction. While eliminating risk factors such forecast becomes more favorable.

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