Therapy - a non-surgical intervention in the human body in medicine, types

Execution of treatment and preventive measures through non-surgical intervention in the human body is determined by the field of medicine - therapy. Carry out procedures for the appointment and treatment regimens therapists.

As the translation of the word "therapy", which refers to a medical procedure?

Literally translated from the Greek therapy means "medicine", "recovery".

The concept of the medical process includes:

• elimination of symptoms of the disease;
• relief of symptoms;
• reduction in the rate of health status;
• removal of disorders of life;
• the establishment of quality of life.

treatment policy is to conduct accurate diagnosis based on the examination of the patient in the form of an algorithm:

1. Anamnesis.
   
2. Identifying signs and symptoms.
3. Examination by palpation (patient feeling).
4. Carrying percussion (tapping the sick parts of the body).
5. Auscultation (listening to internal organs functioning processes).
6. Decoding of clinical and laboratory studies.
7. Combining traits in syndrome.
8. Determining the causes of disease.
9. Conclusion diagnosis.
10. Appointment of a treatment regimen.

If it is not possible to determine an unambiguous conclusion about the disease, the differential diagnosis is appointed, the there are alternate exception inappropriate symptoms associated with certain pathologies in the comparison of several diseases.

In this case, carried out additional clinical and instrumental examinations. Sometimes, in difficult situations when it is impossible to diagnose a particular disease, conducted a trial of, from which you can make a diagnosis.

therapeutic approaches

The structure of activities that aim at finding the causes of the patient's disease, the pathology diagnosis, determining treatment regimens and to prevent deviations in the health or therapeutic recovery includes approaches.

etiotropic

The name comes from the Greek words "ethio - reason" and "tropism - identity". Causal approach - are the aspects or therapies that target the removal of the causes of the disease.

Among them are:

• bacterial aspect (Pathogen growth and development of harmful microorganisms);
• infectious factor (By ingestion of viruses, they create conditions for the development of pathogenic bacteria that cause infectious diseases);
• allergic aspect (Immune response to the action of toxic substances).

The method involves the administration of drugs:

• antibiotics;
• sulfonamides;
• antivirals;
• antiprotozoal;
• antihistamine.

Principles of treatment are:

• identification of the causative agent;
• determination of the sensitivity of the pathogen to the antibiotic;
• optimal selection of tools for patient therapy.

It is not always administered after treatment to identify the causative agent: Therapy often begins prior to receipt of the results of research (for the prevention of complications).

pathogenetic

Therapy - a non-surgical intervention in the body, which includes the following approach - pathogenesis (determined from the Greek word "suffering - patho" and "genesis - origin"). He explains the mechanism of occurrence and development of disease. The process examines at different levels, from the molecular to the state of the organism as a whole.

Field of therapy helps doctors figure out exactly how the disease develops. After all, if there is descriptions of the pathogenetic processes at different levels of the doctor is given the opportunity to penetrate deeply into the cause of the disease, and to pick up an efficient and optimal therapy.

Methods for studying the processes are:

• pathological physiology and anatomy;
• biochemical research;
• histological analysis.

When the therapist knows the principles of flow typical pathogenic reactions of their relationship, he will be able to carry out the appointment of adequate treatment even in cases when the exact diagnosis is not established. Science thus helps to stabilize the patient's health even before determining etiotropic reasons.

Specificity of the disease can be determined based on periods:

• latency (sometimes called the incubation) - latent period of the disease;
• prodromal cycle intermediate between the incubation stage and disease (the symptoms can determine the onset of the disease before the appearance of its symptoms);
• the appearance of clinical symptoms.
• Between the etiology and pathogenesis there is a relationship, which gives an understanding of the totality of perceptions of the causes and mechanisms of the disease.

Symptomatic

Palliative (symptomatic) treatment aimed at removal of certain disease symptoms, it is complementary to the causal and pathogenic therapy.

The main characteristics of the process are:

• finding a temporary solution to the problem;
• adoption of half-measures, like a blanket covering the pathology;
• conduct not an exhaustive analysis of the situation.

Symptomatic processes involve providing temporary relief of the patient's condition by removing individual symptoms. Along with the term "palliative care" exists the concept of "palliative care", which has a wide range of activities, improving the patient's quality of life.

Methods for the therapeutic treatment

Treatment based on non-surgical intervention is called conservative. It is produced using methods based on chemical, biological and physical processes in the body.

Chemical and biological

In a number of methods based on chemical and biological processes in the body of the patient includes:

• drug therapy (Translated from Greek means "medicine"), including chemotherapy;
• phytotherapy - a method based on the use of herbs and preparations made therefrom;
• immunotherapy - teaching about the effects on the immune system.

physical

Physical methods of treatment are mainly support activities.

In a number of methods are:

• physiotherapy - activities aimed at maintaining and restoring the functional capacity of the organism;
• massage - mechanical impact on unhealthy tissues and organs;
• physiotherapyBased on physical culture concepts, applied with the purposes of rehabilitation of patients and the prevention of diseases;
• hydrotherapy - procedures based on the treatment of water;
• electric and magnetic fields, Sound waves.

By the methods of influence with the help of fields and waves are:

• radiation therapy - the passage of a radioactive ionization;
• Ultrahigh frequency therapy - effect on the organs of high frequency electromagnetic fields;
• magnetotherapy - the use of a magnetic random or alternating magnetic fields for therapeutic purposes;
  
• medical electrophoresis - Digestion of drugs under the influence of an external electric field;
• laser therapy - the use of optical radiation.

Surgery as a special case of therapy

Operational methods of influence on the body beyond the boundaries of therapy concepts. Surgery is used only in cases where other measures do not work or are ineffective. In this case, the surgery is considered as a separate factor therapy, used for the appearance of an emergency when the program is preservation of life and health of the patient.

Types of non-surgical intervention in the human body

Therapy - a non-surgical intervention in the body that brings together all sorts of ways the concept of a conservative influence on the body. Each method has its own characteristics and destination targets.

drug therapy

Pharmacotherapy - the science that studies the ways of healing the sick by using medicines.

Defined 5 types of science:

• Causal form It corresponds to the ideal type of pharmacotherapy, as its methods are defined causes of impairment. As an example, the impact of antimicrobial preparations on patients exposed to an infectious disease or the use of antidotes in the treatment of poisoning organism.
• pathogenetic therapy is directed to the removal and elimination of occurrence of disease mechanisms. Most of the drugs that are appointed in modern day doctors refer to this type of drugs. As an example, antihypertensives, antihistamines, anti-arrhythmic agents.
• symptomatic therapy - getting rid of individual symptoms. The list of drugs include analgesics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, cough syrups. A characteristic feature of the series is considered to be the removal of signs of pathology without affecting the cause or mechanism of their appearance.
• replacement therapy It applies if there is a lack of natural nutrients in the body. Such means can include enzymes that help the stomach during digestion, hormones, vitamins. The treatment does not remove the causes of the disease, but it enables the patient to live a normal life for many years.
• preventive therapy assigned to the prevention of diseases. Such agents include antiviral, disinfectant, anti-TB drugs, vaccination.

When the doctor prescribes pharmacotherapy, he weighs all the risks, identifies the ratio of benefits and harms of any drug, as well as evaluates the individual characteristics of the patients. In pharmacotherapy there may be undesired side effects in the form of allergies idiosyncrasies (innate sensitivity to agents), metabolic disorders.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is prescribed to patients who are diagnosed oncological diseases, parasitic diseases. Therapy is performed using toxins and toxic agents (chemotherapeutic agents), which are detrimental effect on the pathogen: cancer cells, parasites. The action of the venom has a less damaging effect on the patient's organs than the actual pathology.

The objectives of chemotherapy agents is eradication or inhibition of growth upon reaching the minimum damage in the patient.

There are the following types of methods:

• antibacterial;
• antiviral;
• antifungal;
• anthelmintic;
• antiparasitic;
• antitumor.

Phytotherapy

Herbal treatment absolutely all diseases involves the use of plants in fresh, dried form and by a special treatment (tinctures, extracts). Physicians involved in herbal medicine, called phytotherapeutist.

The curative composition of plant materials includes:

• phenols (Flavorings);
• tannins (Compounds containing a large amount of oxygen);
• metabolites (Metabolic products);
• alkaloids (Nitrogen plant);
• helpful chemical compounds.

Many patients prefer the herbal medicine other means of treatment, because they believe in the natural origin of these drugs. So their safety. Scientists specialists are not as clear about the safety and efficacy of herbal remedies, as not fully explored all the biochemical components of plants.

The characteristics of the drugs affect the composition of the soil, external sources of pollution, so the compositions can be unstable.

The problem of the toxicity of herbal medicines is acute in today's world because of aspects:

• allocating the funds without the presence of pharmacy prescriptions;
• often in the instructions there is no information about the safety of use;
• no licenses for most drugs;
• there are no quality standards developed mixtures;
• in packages are often incongruous or substances toxic characteristics;
• there is a high probability of occurrence of allergies to herbal medicine components.

Immunotherapy

The science of immunology practice poses a problem of the treatment of patients by immunological means. Distinctive characteristics of drugs is that they act on the human immune sighting. The number of drugs included serum and microbial antibodies, cell-based assays.

Immunotherapy, sometimes with an additional method of treatment is used for infectious diseases and cancer in combination with chemotherapy and antibiotic therapy. The main indication for treatment is a method of immunodeficiency (loss of one or more components of the immune system) and the availability of autoimmune diseases.

Hydrotherapy

Non-surgical intervention in the human body, as a method of therapy includes hydrotherapy - treatment of patients using the healing properties of water. The objectives of the assignment procedures is the use of outdoor fresh water to eliminate the diseases of the musculoskeletal system and their prevention.

The list of procedures includes:

• dousing;
• sponging;
• applications;
• bathing;
• fitness in the pool;
• wrap or wrapping;
• Special showers (Sharko, Scottish, massage, upward, circular).

Efficiency of the process up to this day has no confirmation.

The procedures are divided into types:

• cold water with a temperature below 20 ° C;
• cool at a temperature from 21 ° to 33 ° C;
• Body temperature 34-36 ° C;
• warm (37 to 39 ° C);
• hot (starting with 40 ° C and above).

Therapy using thermal water - the kind of treatment which utilizes the nature of underground sources emanating from the earth at a temperature of 37-42 ° C.

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy takes place under the influence of ionizing radiation. The method is used for the treatment of oncological pathologies with the objectives of the destruction of cancer cells by destroying their structure.

The following types of exposure:

• alpha-particles (positively charged protons and neutrons pair);
• beta particles (electrons or positrons);
• neutrons;
• isotopes;
• gamma radiation (short wavelength);
• cyclotrons (resonance circular accelerator);
• protons (corpuscular therapy using protons carbon ions);
• X-rays;
• Electromagnetic waves which are between ultraviolet and gamma radiation.

modalities are divided into types:

• contact (when the apparatus is in contact with the tissues of the organism);
• remote (when the light source is removed from the patient);
• radionuclide (when appropriate drug is injected into the human body).
• The method has a wide variety of side effects, since its use destroyed not only cancer cells but also the surrounding tissue.

magnetotherapy

Methods of alternative medicine, which is based on the impact of statistical or alternating magnetic fields are called magneto. The world medical community does not recognize magnet therapy as curative measures, in addition to the former Soviet Union.

With medical purposes alternating fields are used with a high or low frequency or DC that operate in continuous and pulsed mode.

Different methods of treatment and the frequency of the pulses, their duration and forms.

The operating principle of magnetic therapy suggests that when in contact with human tissue alternating magnetic fields, at first appear electric currents that change the physical and chemical balance of the water system of the body, the direction of movement of ionized molecules and free radicals.

Thus, there is a change rate of biochemical and physical processes in the body, and also improves the permeability of cell membranes. Some experiments show no therapeutic effect when exposed to magnetic fields, while others, on the contrary, a positive effect.

current treatment

Electrotherapy - a method of treating an electric current and one of the directions of physiotherapy. The mechanism of action of the method is based on the effect of controlled charged particle on the body. The method provides an accelerated circulation of blood and lymph vessels.

The method is used to treat pathologies:

• in neurology;
• in traumatology and orthopedics;
• of cardio-vascular system;
• headaches;
• internal organs;
• skin.

The most common types of electrotherapy are:

• galvanization - the impact of low voltage direct current;
• electrophoresis - effect of low frequency current in combination with drugs;

  

• arsonvalization - the use of variable high frequency pulse currents;
• electrosleep - application of pulses to the various areas of the brain;
• diadynamic - the effect of pulsed DC currents with a constant frequency;
• diathermy - exposure to high current low voltage high power;
• amplipulse - the use of modulated sinusoidal current character;
• inductothermy - the impact of high-frequency magnetic field of an induction eddy current.

Lazeroterpiya

Therapy - a non-surgical intervention in the body where the laser is widely used method which is based on the application range of the laser optical radiation. A characteristic feature of the method is that the flow is given a fixed length. Effects produced power from 1 to 100 mW, a pulse power of 5 to 100 watts.

When using laser therapists asked the following parameters:

• the type of method;
• wavelength;
• the duration of the work;
• power;
• pulse frequency;
• impact location;
• periodicity;
• exposure time.

Tight laser therapy is used in the following areas of medicine:

• obstetrics and gynecology;
• in diseases of internal organs;
• in dermatology;
• pathologies cardiac system;
• in neurology;
• oncology;
• in the treatment of ENT diseases;
• in pediatrics;
• in diseases of the respiratory system;
• dentistry;
• in traumatology;
• urology;
• in physiatry.

Balneotherapy

Balneotherapy comes from the words "sauna bathing and treatment" refers to the form of treatment with mineral water. The use of water passes both topically (washing) and general purpose (swimming pools).

There is also a balneotherapy include:

• Different types of soul;
• reception of mineral water;
• irrigation;
• intestinal lavage.

Assigned by the procedure in the treatment of diseases of the internal organs, skin.

Physiotherapy

Medical discipline that applies the tools of physical training with treatment goals and patient recovery (including the disabled), and to prevent disease called exercise therapy.

In modern medical practice, a method is indicated for the treatment of problems with the musculoskeletal system, neurological. To eliminate a specific disease, a combination of different forms of exercise.

The main forms are ranked:

• morning exercises;
• physiotherapy;
• hydrokinesitherapy (exercises in water, swimming);
• walking (walking);
• run;
• outdoor games;
• special exercises.

Massage

Therapy - a non-surgical intervention in the body, which as another treatment method allocates massage. The method consists in performing the movements of the body of the patient in the form of rubbing, pressure, the vibrations which are conducted over the body by hand or with special devices.

In addition to the reflex action of massage to increase the positive effect of oil is used. The mechanism of action of the method is based on the fact that the external stimulus is transmitted filaments of the skin and muscles, and then sent to the brain.

Depending on the massage stimulation occurs art and lifting speed of brain function or, conversely, inhibition (relaxing effect). Massages can be carried out at all stages of therapy process or after its closure (in the recovery period).

The indications for manipulation are:

• treatment of nervous disorders;
• metabolic disorders;
• problems of the digestive tract;
• Pathology of the respiratory system;
• gynecological disorders;
• diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• problems in the musculoskeletal.

Other medical treatments

There are several other methods of medical treatment, which are not widely known.

Their names, scope and mechanism of action are summarized in the table below:

Method	Description	application
apiotherapy	The use of bee products: poison; propolis; honey; secretion and pollen; wax; and brood Podmore. Characteristics are considered assets effects: antioxidant; antimicrobial; antibacterial; antifungal; antiviral; an anti-inflammatory; cardioprotective; immunomodulatory.	In the treatment of diseases: musculoskeletal system; neurological; autoimmune origin.
Fungoterapiya	Method of treatment based on the use of medicinal fungi and preparations are in the form of infusions, tinctures and extracts.	The main application - oncology since the substances contained in the mushrooms have immunomodulatory effects and has a direct effect on the tumor.
speleotherapy	The impact is based on the length of stay of the patient in the salt caves and inhalation ionized air with superfine particles subject to the temperature regime, humidity and pressure.	The method used for the treatment of pathologies: Respiratory; high pressure; musculoskeletal.
Hirudotherapy	Treatment of leeches, the mechanism of which is caused by bleeding process, the action of biologically active substances (leech saliva) on the human body, and also a response to the bite.	Scope of application - this treatment: hypertension; glaucoma; hepatic clearance; removal of intoxication; heart disease; thrombophlebitis and thrombosis; blood diseases.

A variety of methods of therapy, as a method of non-surgical intervention in the patient's body, act on all known disease medicine and pathology. Scope of activities covers the processes of conservative treatment, prevent the occurrence of disease and restoring health.

Registration of the article: Lozinski Oleg

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