1 Albumins and their functions

More than half of the blood proteins are albumins. About 55 - 60% of the total amount. The substances are quickly updated in serum. Half of them disintegrate within 7-14 days. Synthesis occurs in the liver.

Functions:

• Maintenance of oncotic blood pressure.

Molecules have small dimensions, strong hydrophilicity, their concentration is very high. All this contributes to the effect on pressure. It is proved that if albumin becomes less than 30 g / l, edema develops.

• Transport.

Biologically active substances, such as hormones, are transported with albumin. The protein can bind to molecules of cholesterol, fatty acids, bile salts, even some drugs. Almost half of the calcium binds to it.1 molecule-taxi can carry 50 molecules of bilirubin.

The level of albumin is normal in an adult person of 35-50 g / l. In the analysis of blood it is an important indicator. Concentration can be reduced due to liver pathologies, burns, kidney disease, fasting, with the appearance of malignant formations, in the last trimester of pregnancy. The increase in the level is not so significant, but is observed with dehydration.

There are also alpha-1-globulins. These are the so-called acute phase proteins. Their number is rapidly increasing as a result of infection, tissue damage. From the total protein whey occupy 3-6%.They are also synthesized in the liver. Alfa-1-antitrypsin dominates in the fraction.

Functions:

1. Determines the proteolytic function of blood( the main component of the alpha-1-antitrypsin fraction).
2. Binding of steroids( orosomucoid).
3. Protects the fetus from the maternal immune system during pregnancy( alpha-1-fetoprotein).
4. Cholesterol transport to the liver( alpha-lipoprotein).

The level of protein in the serum is 2.1-3.5 g / l. Increases when infection occurs, inflammation, the appearance of a malignant tumor, severe burns, trauma, in the third trimester of pregnancy. It is reduced in case of violations in the lungs, liver, kidneys. The appearance of these proteins prevents the propagation of pathogenic microorganisms and stops the damage to tissues.

There are also alpha-2-globulins. Relate to the proteins of the acute phase. In the serum, they are 7-13% of the total. Their synthesis, as well as the previous, occurs in the liver. The functions of this group are determined by the properties of the principal representatives:

1. Control of the development of infection( alpha-2-macroglobulin).
2. Protection against loss of iron( haptoglobin).
3. Depot copper( ceruloplasmin).90% of the total copper of the blood plasma is found in these molecules.
4. Participation in the exchange of hormones such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, serotonin( ceruloplasmin).

The concentration norm is 6-10 g / l. The amount of protein increases when there is a violation of liver function, inflammation, tissue death, diabetes, in cases of hormone treatment, during pregnancy. A decrease in the level is observed with poor nutrition, diseases of the organs of the herbal system.

In the serum of beta-globulin a small amount, from 8 to 18%.They are synthesized by the liver. The main biologically active substances of this fraction are transferrin, hemopexin.

Functions:

1. Participation in the exchange of iron. Transport it between the tissues and bone marrow. It is due to the property of binding the atoms of this element.
2. Regulation of the action of sex hormones. Proteins affect the activity of testosterone and estradiol.

The norm of their content in serum is 7-11 g / l. Increased concentration may indicate a lack of iron, hormonal contraception, diabetes, as well as dystrophy. Reduction indicates a violation in the endocrine system, the exchange of fats.

There are also gamma globulins. This is a fraction of immunoglobulins, or antibodies. It includes different substances, the ratios of which can vary depending on the disease. There are 5 main types, which are denoted by the Latin letters G, A, M, E, D. If the person is healthy, then such proteins in the blood are 15-25%.The function is one, but the main thing is immunity. Additional functions:

1. Destroy viruses and bacteria( G).
2. Provide local immunity to the mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive organs( A).
3. Responsible for primary immunity( M).
4. Combat allergens( E).
5. Affects the folded work of all antibodies( D).

Serum concentration in the normal state is 8-16 g / l. The substance becomes larger in the case of acute infections, liver disease, the appearance of some tumors. The amount decreases when a person has weak immunity, allergic reactions, as a result of long hormonal treatment. Such a disease, as AIDS, is accompanied by a low level of immunoglobulins. After infectious diseases, gamma globulins remain in the blood, which act against specific viruses. They can be extracted and used to treat other patients with the same symptoms. Modern medicine has in its arsenal of antibodies against many infectious diseases.

2 Characteristics of the proteinogram method

A proteinogram is a method of investigation that is based on the determination of protein fractions in serum.

From the foregoing it becomes clear that having studied the changes in its composition, it is possible to diagnose certain conditions of a person. Usually, there is disproteinemia, a condition where the ratio of individual fractions varies, but the total amount of protein remains within the normal range. If you observe the dynamics of the composition of the serum, you can find out the stage of the disease, determine how effective the methods of treatment.

Protein Fractions determine:

1. The presence of infectious diseases, acute or chronic.
2. Presence of oncology.
3. Autoimmune abnormalities.
4. Severe injury.
5. Disturbance of absorption in the intestine.
6. Evaluation of protein metabolism.

For analysis, blood sampling from the vein is done. Preparing for this, they advise 12 hours to starve, but you can drink water. It is better to go to the laboratory in the morning.

Some factors may influence the composition of protein fractions:

1. Drug administration, especially Penicillin.
2. Hemodialysis, which was conducted recently.
3. Radiography, fluorography, ultrasound.
4. Physical or emotional stress.
5. Smoking( before giving blood no less than 30 minutes to refrain).
6. Alcohol.

3 Decoding of healthy person's analyzes

Many scientists have studied the composition of blood serum, and the transcript is slightly different. Therefore, there are several variants of the norm of the protein fraction proposed by them.

For A.A.Pokrovsky( 1969):

• Albumins - 56.6-66.8%
• Globulins:
• Alpha-1 - 3-5.6%
• Alpha-2 - 6.9-10.5%
• Beta-10.3-12,3%
• Gamma - 12,8-19,0%

For FI Komarov( 1982):

• Albumins - 51-61,5%
• Globulins:
• Alfa-1 - 3,6-5,6%
• Alpha-2 - 5.1-8.3%
• Beta-9-13%
• Gamma-5-12%

For VG Kolbom( 1976):

• Albumins - 61.5 ± 0.7%
• Globulins:
• Alpha-1 - 5.5 ± 0.21%
• Alpha-2 - 6.7 ± 0.20%
• Beta-9.2 ± 0.24%
• Gamma-16.58 ± 0.34%

Individual laboratories may use different methods for determining proteins on different equipment. Hence, the decoding can be different.

Proteinogram for the determination of the diagnosis, as well as to monitor the dynamics of treatment is often used. It carries a lot of information, because these substances react instantly to the slightest changes in the human body. The definition of the disease by a single proteinogram can be erroneous. There are cases of disease without unaccompanied changes. In medical practice, this method is necessarily counted with other studies.