1 General principles of

A toxic substance can enter the body in several ways. It can be swallowed with or without food. If the dangerous substances are vaporous, they can be inhaled. In addition, poisoning occurs when the contact of the poison with the skin and mucous membranes.

First aid for poisoning is based on immutable principles. They are the same for all cases of poisoning:

1. First of all, it is necessary to stop the entry of a toxic substance into the body.
2. Then you need to take measures to remove toxins from the body.
3. The victim needs to ensure a safe environment.
4. If necessary, massage the heart and do artificial respiration.
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5. The patient should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

At the first signs of poisoning, you need to call an ambulance, and only then take up the first aid. Never leave the victim alone.

In the first day after poisoning, you must give up eating.

2 Food poisoning

The bulk of food poisoning is due to the multiplication in foods of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This happens if you eat foods that have expired, as well as improperly stored and cooked foods. Milk and sour-milk products, cakes, pastries, glazed curds, soft varieties, boiled sausages, pate, eggs, mayonnaise - all these products can cause poisoning if the temperature regime of their storage is not observed. Often the cause of food poisoning are poisonous mushrooms, berries and plants, which are mistakenly used for food.

Poisoning occurs within 5-6 hours after consuming a poor-quality product. Occasionally there are cases when the symptoms appear in a day. Signs of poisoning can be recognized immediately. As a rule, the patient complains of severe nausea, diarrhea and repeated vomiting. The victim feels strong fatigue, weakness, chills. There may be an increase in temperature.

In case of severe food poisoning, it is necessary to wash the stomach. To do this, take a weak saline solution( 1 teaspoon per 1 liter of water) or a solution of potassium permanganate of low concentration( 1 gram per 1 liter of water).The solution should be warm, pale pink. It should be filtered through gauze. Prepare a solution better immediately in large quantities, 10 liters will be enough. It is important to use a warm solution so that the patient does not subcool. Subcooling can significantly slow down the release of toxins from the body.

To induce vomiting, you need to drink 2-6 glasses of cooked liquid and apply pressure to the root of the tongue. The procedure should be repeated until the body does not start to leave clean water. The patient should be put on his side if he is not able to sit, otherwise he may be choked with vomit. After washing the stomach, it is necessary to take the enterosorbent and wash it with warm water. It is advisable to repeat the drug every 15 minutes for 2 hours. After all the procedures you need to wrap up the patient as warmly as possible, put a warmer on his feet and provide peace and quiet.

If poisoning is caused by acids or alkalis, then gastric lavage can not be done.

3 Overdose of medicines

The abuse of medicines seriously affects the central nervous system of man. The processes of inhibition and excitation are violated, the capillaries expand. Poisoning with drugs is accompanied by weakness, difficulty breathing and high sweating. The speech and actions of the patient may not be entirely adequate.

Emergency care for poisoning with drugs will be effective only if you can find the cause of poisoning. If an overdose of medicines is established quite accurately, you can begin to fight with poisoning. First of all, you should contact the ambulance. To make it easier for a doctor to work, it is better to specify at once which medicine and when the patient took it. It is necessary to know the dosage and the amount of medication taken. In anticipation of emergency doctors need to induce vomiting. Vomiting should be called until clean water starts to come out. Then you can take a sorbent. These actions are relevant only if poisoned in the mind. We need to closely monitor the patient's breathing. If a person loses consciousness, but the pulse and breathing are within normal limits, it should be laid on his side.

There are cases of poisoning with sleeping pills. The inhibition of the central nervous system, loss of consciousness, pale skin, rare, bubbling breath - all these are signs of an overdose of sleeping pills. Breathing in this situation can stop, which will lead to a fatal outcome. The very first pre-hospital help for poisoning of this kind - the challenge of vomiting. The faster the sleeping pills start to go from the body, the better. If the patient is conscious, can speak and respond, you need to rinse the stomach immediately. If respiratory function is disturbed, artificial respiration should be started immediately.

Without medical assistance in case of an overdose, sleeping pills can not cope. Before the arrival of a doctor, you should not leave the poisoned person unattended.

4 Narcotic substances

The main symptoms of drug poisoning:

• severe dizziness;
• nausea and vomiting;
• general weakness and drowsiness;
• loss of consciousness;
• lack of breathing or its violation;
• pale skin
• narrowed pupils.

If you have any signs of overdose, you should immediately call for resuscitation. This is a very serious poisoning, which requires urgent medical intervention. While the doctor has not arrived, it is necessary to monitor the patient's condition. If the breath of the poisoned has stopped, it is necessary to restore it by artificial means.

5 Alcoholic intoxication

Drinking alcoholic beverages is necessary with caution. In shops, counterfeit spirits are often received. Its low quality can become a prerequisite for poisoning.

There are many serious complications of alcohol poisoning. A consequence can be even a lethal outcome. At a concentration of alcohol in the blood in the ratio of 8 grams of ethyl alcohol per kilogram of weight, death occurs.

The negative effect of alcohol has been studied for a long time. It is known that almost all important body systems suffer from abusing alcoholic beverages: cardiovascular, digestive, genitourinary and central nervous. Alcohol poisoning is accompanied by vomiting, involuntary urination. If the poisoning is caused by methyl alcohol, vision deteriorates sharply, strong, sharp headaches appear and the patient tends to sleep. The respiratory process is disrupted. The person falls asleep and soon loses consciousness. It is necessary to watch carefully how the patient breathes, since paralysis of the respiratory center may occur, after which death will immediately begin.

In case of alcohol poisoning, first open the windows in the room or take the patient out into the street. Further, doctors recommend that you wash the stomach poisoned and give it a strong hot tea or coffee. Do not neglect the ambulance.

6 Carbon monoxide poisoning

Clear signs of poisoning are:

• dizziness and headaches, heaviness in the head;
• pale skin, sometimes covered with red spots;
• nausea and vomiting;
• weakness, drowsiness, shortness of breath;
• noise in the ears, weakness in the muscles and body.

In case of intoxication with carbon monoxide, first aid should be given for poisoning. If possible, eliminate the cause of caustic smoke or remove the victim to fresh air. If you inhale a poisonous gas for a long time, breathing is broken, convulsions begin, after which death occurs. The cause of death is paralysis of the respiratory center.

It is necessary to closely monitor the patient's condition. If he loses consciousness, it is urgent to call an ambulance. If necessary, you should give a sniff the cotton wool with ammonia. While the ambulance rides, you need to perform the following actions: rub the body of the patient, warm it up and wrap it in a bed on one side, provide him with an abundant drink.

7 Poison on the skin

There are many poisonous plants that, if they get on the mucous membranes or human skin, can cause poisoning. Means of fighting insects, some chemical solvents can also become a poison for people. At such poisonings it is necessary to immediately wash out the skin and mucous membranes in order to clean them from harmful substance. Do this as carefully as possible, using a sterile cotton or gauze swab and warm water with soap. On the cleansed skin, you can apply a weak solution of ammonia( 1 teaspoon per 2 cups of water).

If there is a wound or a burn, a moist bandage should be made of sterile gauze or natural tissue. When poisoning occurs when a poison is ingested through the skin, gastric lavage is also done. For 1 glass of salt, take 1 teaspoon of soda and wash twice with the solution of the stomach. After washing the stomach, you need to drink activated charcoal. While the ambulance will go, it is necessary to prepare strong tea for the patient.

If the poison has got on the shells of the eyes, they must be washed with clean running water for half an hour. Next, you need to make a dry bandage on your eyes and wait for an ambulance.

To avoid poisoning when working with detergents, fertilizers and solvents, doctors are advised to carefully read the instructions on the packages, work gloves, do not allow liquid poison to enter the mucous membranes. If nevertheless a poisoning occurred, you need to keep the package from the chemical and show it to the doctor. Doctors need to clearly understand what caused the intoxication, in order to correctly provide first aid in poisoning.

A competent first aid in poisoning can save a person's life. The actions of doctors and family patients should be clear and coordinated. The first medical aid for poisoning is a complex of urgent actions. Every minute in such a situation can be decisive, because the poison penetrates the body deeper. Severe, acute poisoning, emergency care can be mitigated, thus relieving a person from severe complications.