2 Red blood cell counts

The correct blood test results for erythrocytes are in the following ranges:

• for women 3,5-5,2 million / mm³;
• for men is 4.2-5.4 million / mm².

Evaluation of the morphology of erythrocytes above the norm occurs rarely, although this phenomenon is possible. A condition in which the number of red blood cells is too large is called erythrocytosis. It may appear due to dehydration, tumor damage, blood diseases, hormonal disorders or prolonged oxygen starvation of the body. RBC below the norm may show anemia. The condition causes depletion, a deficiency of vitamin B12, a deficiency of folic acid or iron. Anemia occurs during certain chronic illnesses or as a result of bleeding.

Hemoglobin is an integral part of red blood cells. Its task is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells of the body. Hemoglobin is the main parameter that is used to recognize anemia. The concentration of this compound depends on age and sex. The highest level is observed in newborns. The norm in women is in the range of 12-16 g / dl, and in men 14-18 g / dl. The value of hemoglobin above the recommended rate may result from:

• dehydration, for example, during diarrhea, vomiting, fever;
• in primary polycythemia( true polycythemia);
• hypoxia, for example, when working in higher parts of the mountains.

The hemoglobin value below the recommended rate may result from:

• anemia - during vitamin deficiency, chronic diseases, bleeding;
• hyperhydration.

MCV is the average volume of a single cell. The norm for women is in the range of 81-99 fl., And for men 80-94 fl.

Elevated values ​​of ESR may indicate a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid. This deficiency can result in chronic gastroenterological diseases, inflammation or liver failure, alcoholism. The result of MCV below the norm may indicate iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia.

MCH is the average mass of hemoglobin in blood cells. The norm in women is in the range of 27-31 pg, and in men 27-34 pg. Elevated values ​​of MCH may indicate spherocytosis. Values ​​below the norm may be present for certain types of anemia and minerals deficiencies.

MCHC is the average concentration of hemoglobin in blood cells. The norm in women and men is in the range of 33-37 g / dL.MCHC above the norm may indicate spherocytosis or dehydration. A reduced MCHC may indicate anemia caused by iron deficiency.

Hematocrit( HCT) is the ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to the volume of plasma. The value of HCT depends on the number of erythrocytes, the volume of red blood cells, the volume of circulating blood, from sex and age. The norm in women is in the range of 37-47%, and in men 42-52%.Values ​​above the norm can be caused by polycythemia, tissue hypoxia, chronic lung diseases, heart defects, kidney disease. Values ​​below the norm may indicate anemia or hyperhydration of the body.

RDW, that is anisocytosis - the coefficient of variation in the distribution of the volume of erythrocytes. His rate is 11.5-14.5%.Elevated anisocytosis index may be caused by anemia with iron deficiency. An increase in the value of RDW can occur as a result of metastatic cancer. Reducing the value of RDW may indicate different types of anemia.

HDW, i.e. anisochromia, is a phenomenon of the appearance of individual color and different forms of red blood cells in the blood under investigation. The rate is 2.2-3.2 g / dl. An increase in their quantity can be caused by hemolytic anemia or iron deficiency.

RET, that is, reticulocytes, are young forms of red blood cells that form in the bone marrow. An increase in their number occurs in acute anemia and acute hypoxia. Values ​​below the norm arise as a result of aplastic anemia, in the treatment of renal failure and some hematological diseases.

1 Diagnostic method

A blood test from a vein is a very popular diagnostic tool. It is needed to measure the level of cholesterol or glucose, these data can give a lot of information about what is happening inside the body, and even what can happen( for example, elevated glucose levels warn about diabetes, and the wrong lipid profile means increasedrisk of atherosclerosis).The main blood tests, conducted regularly, help protect the patient from many health problems.

Basic tests for blood biochemistry conducted prophylactically:

• blood test -quantitative studies of blood cells;
• study of ESR, which shows inflammation in the body;
• study of blood glucose level;
• lipid profile, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglyceride levels.

A general blood test is a basic diagnostic study based on a quantitative and qualitative assessment of blood elements. The norms of laboratory tests depend on many factors, because of this, a medical examination and carefully collected history should always be analyzed by the doctor. The results of the study have the form of a series of letters and numbers, which denote individual types of blood cells and their number in a sample of blood. For the standard study of the composition of the blood, the designations are used: RBC, WBC, PLT, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC.The form with the results of the analysis also indicates the value of Hb, i.e., hemoglobin. Below is an explanation of the notations used in laboratory studies.

• RBC( red blood cells).

Red blood cells( other terms used - red blood cells, erythrocytes) - these cells are responsible for the transport of oxygen. Their too small number indicates anemia, and too much causes polyglobulia.

• WBC( white blood cells).

White blood cells( other terms used - white blood cells, leukocytes) - blood cells responsible for fighting infection;Reduction of white blood cells is called leukopenia and may indicate a reduced resistance of the body, while an increased number of white blood cells is called leukocytosis and may also indicate ongoing infections in the body. This condition can arise due to serious hematologic diseases.

• PLT - platelets - blood cells, which are responsible for the normal coagulation of blood.
• MCV( Mean Corpuscular Volume) - the average volume of erythrocytes.
• HCT - hematocrit - the ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to the blood plasma.
• MCH is the average mass of hemoglobin in blood cells.
• MCHC is the average hemoglobin concentration in blood cells.
• Fe - iron - laboratory standards for this element are 60-180 mcg / dl in males, 40-160 mcg / dl in females.

Norms in the analysis of blood vary depending on the age and sex of the person being examined. The following standards apply to adults.

3 What do white cells mean in the study?

The correct results of a blood test for leukocytes, that is white blood cells, should be in the range of 4000-10000 mm³.Leukocytosis, that is, an increase in the level of leukocytes in the blood, can be caused by: excessive physical exertion;

Too low level of leukocytes is leukopenia. Its basis can be:

• viral infections;
• liver disease;
• bone marrow injury;
• body cachexia.

In the results of morphology are presented some types of white blood cells, or leukocytes. Currently, the computer during the analysis of corpuscles in the blood calculates and divides the cells into types. However, in case of doubt, incorrect results, it is necessary to perform a microscopic assessment of the blood smear. To white blood cells, or leukocytes, are:

• neutrophils;
• lymphocytes;
• monocytes;
• eosinophils;
• basophils.

4 White blood cells

NEUT, that is neutrophils, are cells of the immune system that are related to granulocytes. They play an important role in the body's response against bacteria and other pathogenic microorganisms. Their correct content in smears in an adult should be 60-70% of all leukocytes. An increased number is observed in infections, oncological, hematological, metabolic diseases, after trauma.

LYMPH, i.e., lymphocytes, is the cells of the immune system. Capable of recognizing antigens. The number of lymphocytes increases as a result of chronic leukemia, infectious diseases, lymphomas and immunological diseases. Reduction in the value of lymphocytes most often occurs during chronic treatment with glucocorticoids. The condition can be associated with severe, chronic stress and leukemia, and autoimmune diseases.

MONO, that is, monocytes, are cells that purify the blood from the remains of dead tissue and bacteria. The number of monocytes increases in the case of tuberculosis, syphilis, endocarditis, infectious mononucleosis and cancer. Reduction in their quantity can be the result of the use of certain medications( eg, glucocorticoids).

EOS, i.e. eosinophils, are leukocytes, which are among the neutrophilic eosinophils. They differ in the presence of granularity in the cytoplasm, they are colored red by eosin.1% to 4% of all leukocytes in the blood. Their increased values ​​may result from allergic( eg, due to bronchial asthma, hay fever) and parasitic diseases. Another cause may be hematologic diseases. The decrease in their number can be the result of infections, typhoid fever, dysentery, sepsis, trauma and burns.

BASO, ie, basophils, are basophilic granulocytes, a type of white blood cells. They have the properties of absorption and destruction of microorganisms, foreign or altered cells by their own organism. Elevated values ​​arise as a result of allergic diseases, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, ulcerative inflammation of the intestine, hypothyroidism of the thyroid gland and after the infection. Values ​​below the norm are noted for acute infections, exacerbation of rheumatic fever, thyrotoxicosis, acute pneumonia and stress.

5 Decoding of platelet count

The number of platelets in a healthy person should range from 150,000 to 400,000 cells per 1 mm³ of blood.

The increased number of platelets in the blood speaks of thrombocytosis.

Increased platelet production occurs as a result of infection, during certain cancers, after bleeding, after removal of the spleen. Values ​​below the recommended rate, that is, thrombocytopenia, are caused by a decrease in platelet production most often during hematological diseases, for example, in Fanconi syndrome, aplastic anemia, acute myeloid leukemia, bone marrow fibrosis. The growth of platelets can result from the use of drugs that inhibit the effects of bone marrow, after irradiation with ionized rays, anemia with iron deficiency, in viral infections.