Stammering is a disease that manifests itself as a violation of speech functions and has a neuropsychiatric origin. Most often, children suffer from stuttering, in adults, the disease is extremely rare, but more painful.
Stammering in adulthood causes difficulty in speaking, patients suffer from speech defect, can not correctly pronounce words, stretch, or vice versa, involuntarily cut syllables. The disease can be accompanied by muscle tics, twitching in the limbs and difficulty with breathing.
For a long time, stuttering did not respond to treatment. Modern medicine has made a huge leap forward, allowing not only to diagnose the disease, but also very successfully treat it.
By joint efforts of speech therapists, neurologists, psychologists and psychotherapists, it is possible to achieve positive results even in the treatment of stuttering in elderly patients experiencing difficulties in speaking from childhood.
Recent studies have identified two types of stutter development:
- neurotic;
- is neurotic.
Content
- neurotic stuttering
- neurosis stuttering
- Etiology and pathogenesis of disorders
- provocateurs deviation
- Development Phases
- clinical picture
- The diagnosis
- Correction
- deviations When you get home
- Prevention violation
neurotic stuttering
neurotic stuttering manifests itself as a violation of the normal rhythm of speech, appearancestammering and repetition. This form of disorder is directly related to tonic and tonic-cramping spasms in the area of respiratory-vocal and articular muscles.
The nature of the onset of the disease has a psychological background, which allows it to be attributed to a group of neurotic diseases. In medicine, the term logoneurosis is also found.
Neurotic stammering is always associated with a stressful situation. Most often, men suffer from stuttering. The disease can occur once, or become a permanent phenomenon.
In the first case, a person can begin to stutter after a violent fright, in a fit of panic, or anger. In the second case, the person experiences the same sensations, but has acquired a permanent character.
Because neurotic stuttering is associated with psychology, the reasons for it may be very different. Sometimes a person begins to stutter in childhood, imitating someone from his environment, gets used to such a speech and does not notice her defect.
An enormous role in determining the causes of stuttering is due to heredity, which is associated with disruption of the speech device.
Neurosis-like stuttering
This type of disorder develops in childhood. Usually this form of the disease affects children 3-4 years old who have suffered severe physical injuries, or those born with the pathology of internal organs.
The cause of stuttering can become asphyxia and severe childbirth. Children have developmental delays, they refuse to walk for a long time, quickly get tired, they start talking in 2-3 years, even the simplest words can not remember.
Initially, the stuttering can manifest itself in the form of permutation of individual words, but gradually in colloquial speech, parasites such as "e", "well", "this", which makes speech even less legible, appear more and more often.
Etiology and pathogenesis of
violation. At least 1% of adult inhabitants of the planet suffer from stuttering. There is no general opinion about the etiology of stuttering. Specialists identify the following factors that have a direct or indirect effect on the occurrence of the disease:
- age;
- gender;
- state of the central nervous system;
- individual features of speech development;
- functional brain asymmetry;
- mental trauma;
- genetics.
Stammering is more typical of men than women, which is associated with their greater exposure to various kinds of stress.
In studying the pathogenesis of the disorder, the following approaches are used:
- Clinical and physiological .A stuttering person is fully capable of adequately perceiving speech, if it sounds from the mouth of another person, or is broadcast through audio recording. He can easily formulate in his mind the phrase he wants to say, but he can not say it as intended, which is connected with a violation at the level of speaking and the level of speech prosody. The function of speech is not violated at the physical level, it is either not fully developed, or the speaker is stressed and therefore unable to speak correctly. Statistics show that the left-hander stutters most often, but no exact studies have been carried out on this matter.
- Psychological and pedagogical .Supporters of this approach connect the manifestation of the violation with fear of speaking, which arose on the psychological level. Usually, such fear develops in children experiencing authoritarian pressure from their parents, but it can also appear in adults who suffer from the oppression of their superiors and family troubles.
- Social .It was found that, in the absence of listeners, the stammering person speaks correctly, there are no obvious violations of speech, which allows us to speak about the social nature of stuttering.
- Psycholinguistic .As a basis for the study, supporters of the psycholinguistic approach take violations of monologic speech, since a monologue is impossible without a clearly arranged, coherent and purposeful mental activity. Through many years of experiments it was found that stuttering is directly related to the emotions experienced by the speaker during reading. Those who read emotionally rich text stuttered more than those who read completely devoid of emotion in a dry business style. At repeated reading, stuttering decreased, since the text was already familiar to a person and did not cause the same emotions as when reading it for the first time. In addition, it was proved that a high social adaptation of a person has a direct impact on the development of the violation. The higher it is, the smaller the speech defect is observed.
Deflection attenuators
Probable causes of stuttering in adults may be:
- severe fright;
- transferred stress;
- instantly engulfed human anger;
- pathology in development;
- negative attitude of the family, superiors;
- hormonal and endocrine disorders;
- suffered craniocerebral trauma;
- delay in development, available in childhood.
Stammering can be a hereditary disease that does not appear for a long time. In the presence of a stressful situation, a deviation can occur at the most inopportune moment and become a permanent phenomenon in a person's life.
Developmental phases of
Stammering in adults is much more difficult to treat than in childhood, because parents who raise children under the age of 12 are advised to carefully monitor if they show signs of the disease.
Progressing, the disease can cause a pronounced speech defect. Specialists identify 4 phases of stutter development:
- Deviation in speech in preschoolers .The manifestation of the disease can be observed with a strong emotional outburst. Usually stammering at this age does not lead to serious problems and disappears on its own.
- Stuttering in children of primary school age .The disease manifested in younger schoolchildren is considered a pathology requiring immediate treatment. Sometimes stuttering schoolchildren can speak quite coherently, but gradually, being subjected to ridicule from other children, they stop trying to pronounce words correctly and the speech defect intensifies.
- Violation of in adolescents .The disease manifests itself in a strengthened form when communicating with strangers, answering the board, talking on the phone.
- Stuttering in adolescence and adulthood .In the event that the disease could not be overcome in childhood and adolescence, it becomes chronic and forces adults to seek replacement of certain words whose pronunciation causes difficulties.
Clinical picture
Stammering is not a disease in the literal sense of the word, as it is usually classified as a manifestation of the hidden pathologies of the human body. Violation can be associated with such problems as:
- psychological disorder;
- the presence of a complex of guilt;
- with a sense of anxiety;
- by loneliness;
- with fear;
- difficulties in communication;
- reluctance to make important decisions and deal with daily chores.
The development of stuttering is usually associated with damage to the organs of speech and muscle tissue of the larynx. Significant effects on the manifested speech defect have spasms and respiratory cramps, resulting from excessive excitement.
Diagnosis of
It is quite easy to diagnose stuttering in adults, since an adult is fully capable of explaining and demonstrating what exactly does not suit him in his own speech.
Diagnosis of the disease is conducted under the guidance of a speech therapist and neurologist. In the future, a patient can be assigned a consultation of a psychologist and psychotherapist, who can determine whether the cause of the disease lies in home problems and difficulties in dealing with relatives.
When diagnosed, the patient may experience secondary symptoms:
- logophobia;
- sweating of hands;
- redness of the face;
- compulsive swings of the hand and movement of other parts of the body.
The correct diagnosis allows you to start immediate treatment of the disease.
Correction of deviations
In the correction of stuttering a special place is taken by an individual approach and complex treatment. Depending on the reasons that caused the stammering, the doctor can recommend massage courses, hypnosis and medication. In special cases, reflexology and consultation of a neurologist will be required.
In case the infringement was caused by the received trauma, the patient needs consultation of the vibrator. To get rid of the complicated case of stuttering can be with the help of relieving the tension of individual parts of the body, in this situation, myoterapy, aimed at the therapy of muscles, can be recommended.
To correct stuttering it is recommended to consult a psychologist and undergo a parallel course of treatment that can have a beneficial effect on the human psyche, eliminating traumatic situations.
The speech therapist can also correct the patient's condition, using such methods as speech therapy, articulatory gymnastics and various breathing exercises.
The main purpose of correction is to maximize speech improvement. Difficulties of corrective treatment are associated with the need for simultaneous use of means and methods of neurological, speech therapy, psychological and therapeutic fields.
When you are at home
It is impossible to cure stuttering yourself at home, but if you find yourself, or if you notice signs of a disturbance, should take a sedative, brew and drink some herbal tea to relieve tension. If this does not help, you can take a bath with soothing salts.
Relaxing effects on the body are herbal decoctions and fees, which you can buy at the pharmacy. Rutha has a most beneficial effect.
One teaspoon of rue is poured a glass of boiling water and allowed to brew for 7-10 minutes. Ready drink take three times a day for 1 teaspoon.
Stammering does not involve the development of complications. In general, the forecast is very favorable. Intensive treatment, the intake of all medications prescribed by a doctor and the observance of sparing voice and speech receptors of the regimen, can have a significant effect on speech alignment.
Many adults who have turned to a doctor in a timely manner quite successfully fight and overcome the disease.
Prevention of
dysfunction Stammering in adults is often associated with nervous overexcitation and mental distress. The best preventive measure is the desire to avoid stressful situations, the opportunity to always and in all find good sides.
Staying in a good mood, not plunging into the pressing problems beyond the prescribed measure and taking care of your own mental health, a person can never encounter such a problem.
It is extremely important to find harmony of spirit and body, in this invaluable help can provide yoga, listening to quiet classical music and just relaxing on the couch with your favorite book in your hands. Not knowing how to relieve mental stress, it is best to consult a doctor and solve the problem under his guidance.
Stuttering in medicine refers to a specific violation of speech functions, not typical of a healthy person. There are several forms and types of violations, the treatment of which largely depends on the discipline of the person, his willingness to undergo a long course of treatment and the ability to protect himself and his health.