Non-diabetes mellitus affects both women and men equally. But the features of the functioning of the body differ not only in terms of gender, but also in each individual case. Accordingly, the symptomatology and course of the disease will be different.
Description of the disease
Regulation of the excretion of water by the kidneys, as well as some other processes in the body are due to the hormone vasopressin. It is produced by the hypothalamus, then accumulates in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is then released into the blood.
Vasopressin is the only regulator of water excretion by the kidneys, and also participates in the regulation of aggressive human states, contractile function of the muscles of the heart and uterus.
Non-diabetes occurs when the hormone is not produced enough, or it is intensively inactivated by vasopressinases that are present and circulate in the blood.
As a result, the process of excretion of water with tubules of the kidneys is disrupted, the nutrition of cells with water is reduced and a strong thirst is felt against the background of the dehydration syndrome of the organism.
There are three forms of the disease, with kidney diabetes being the most common.
Causes of
- The causes of the development of the disease are organic changes in the pituitary, hypothalamus, or kidney disease. Pathological changes in the pituitary gland can be triggered by the formation of tumors of benign or malignant nature.
- Also, the development of diabetes insipidus is observed in twenty percent of endocrinology patients who underwent surgical interventions in the brain, neurosurgical operations, which were not quite smooth.
- The causes of renal diabetes are violations such as renal dysfunction or kidney failure. Neurological disorders are both a consequence of diabetes insipidus and its cause.
Symptoms of
The most vivid symptoms of diabetes insipidus in men is frequent urination. It disturbs the patient not only at night, but also during the day. Qualitative and quantitative indicators of urine are changed. In particular, the urine has a clear color, salt sediments and suspended particles in a small amount are observed in the volume.
It is dangerous that this symptomatology accompanies the menopausal period in the life of a man, because you can simply not pay attention to it during.
Diagnosis of the disease will help additional signs of diabetes insipidus.
These include a constant thirst, which is difficult to absorb even a large volume of liquid. Patients with diabetes insipidus drink from five liters of fluid per day. This increases the volume of urine emitted. In a normal healthy body, the volume of daily urine does not exceed three liters. With the development of the disease, the amount of urine per day can reach ten, and in the chronic case of thirty liters. Accordingly, make up the loss of the body to strive with the help of water, causing thirst.
Another symptom is reduced blood pressure and decreased potency. Again, these symptoms accompany the climacteric period in almost half of men aged forty years.
The main symptoms indicating a violation of vasopressin secretion and the development of diabetes insipidus:
- Urinary incontinence;
- Strong thirst;
- Decreased libido;
- Emotional instability;
- Headaches;
- Problems with falling asleep and the depth of sleep;
- Weight reduction;
- Dry, flaky skin;
- Decreased kidney function;
- Dehydration.
If such symptoms are detected, an endocrinologist should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment.
Drinking water
One of the main issues facing a patient with diabetes insipidus is the use of liquid. Strong thirst worries the patient at any time of the day, while the kidneys do not retain liquid and urine comes out clear, with a low specific gravity.
On the one hand, the use of water in the amount that the body requires is mandatory. This will help avoid complications and at least slightly compensate for the loss of the organism in the water.
On the other hand, a plentiful drink, reaching ten liters a day, causes complications from the kidneys and the gastrointestinal tract. Here it is necessary to choose between two evils: dehydration is a more serious diagnosis, therefore it is still necessary to consume enough water.
Do not think that with a decrease in the drunk water volume, decrease diuresis. On the contrary, even with dehydration, the same amount of urine and frequency of emission is observed as with normal water intake.
Complications of
- The most serious complication of diabetes insipidus in men is dehydration. It is observed in patients who did not use the necessary volume of water required by the body, believing that this will reduce the amount of urine and the frequency of emptying. Dehydration is manifested in severe weight loss, dizziness, loss of sensation of time and space, psychological discomfort, vomiting. This condition is dangerous because without stopping it leads to a state of collapse and death.
- Another type of complication is the reaction from the gastrointestinal tract. The consumed volume of water inevitably stretches not only the walls of the bladder, but also the stomach. As a result, the stomach may fall. Also, water dilutes the gastric juice and promotes poor digestion of food. This leads to the development of irritable stomach syndrome, which manifests itself in nausea, pain, vomiting, dizziness.
- There may be complications from the ureters and the bladder, manifested in bedwetting.
Diagnostics
Special tests are performed for the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus, as well as laboratory and differential studies. To special tests include a sample for polyuria - the collection of daily volume of urine. If it exceeds the volume of three liters, diabetes insipidus is diagnosed.
Another test requires the patient to abstain from fluid for eight hours. If, during abstinence, polyuria persists, the weight and severity of a person decreases sharply, it also refers to diabetes insipidus.
Blood donation to the C-peptide is also required to exclude diabetes mellitus, as well as urine analysis for sugar and specific gravity. There are ultrasound of the kidneys and the bladder, with complaints of complications, ultrasound of the stomach may be prescribed.
To exclude tumors, as the causes of the disease, conduct brain MRI and functional study of the pituitary-hypothalamic region.
Treatment of
Treatment of the disease involves hormone replacement therapy. Patients are prescribed antidiuretic hormone, which promotes water retention in the body and prevents dehydration.
Sometimes a different approach is required - substances that activate vasopressin production, instead of replacement therapy, are prescribed. Patients also prescribed injections of salt solutions, which will hold water in the cells.
To maintain the body and prevent complications, it is necessary to adhere to a special diet that contains a low percentage of protein foods and a higher percentage of carbohydrates and fats. Water with thirst can be replaced with juices, fruit drinks and compotes.
Conclusion
Symptomatic of diabetes insipidus in men is similar in many ways to the symptoms of menopause or urological diseases. Therefore, when they are found, consultation is required not only by the andrologist and urologist, but also by the endocrinologist, who will prescribe the necessary examinations and make a decision on the therapy of the disease.
Otherwise, diabetes insipidus only slightly reduces the quality of life, if appropriate treatment is performed and the correct diet is observed.
