Leptospirosis in humans - is a natural focal bacterial disorder of , which is manifested by anemia, fever, liver, kidney, oral cavity, gastrointestinal, and CNS lesions.
The disease is common everywhere, except for Antarctica, but more often it occurs in hot countries.
Content
- Etiology
- Sources
- infection As the infection gets into the human body
- Symptoms
- disease first stage
- second stage
- Weil Syndrome
- Diagnostic methods
- Infection Treatment Complications of the disease
- forecast
- disease prevention
- Video: Leptospirosis or quiet, but true killer
Etiology
The causative agent of the disease is a stick of Leptospira interrogans.
Today specialists have discovered more than 220 species of this microbe. Leptospira interrogans has a low resistance to the environment: microorganisms are rapidly killed by exposure to high temperatures and ultraviolet radiation.
In dry soil, a bacterium can live for about two hours, and in a damp soil it can last up to 10 months. Microbes can withstand low temperatures, so they easily survive the winter in frozen ground.
On products l , eptospires are stored for 48 hours of .At the same time, these microbes can not stand and 15 minutes under the influence of 0.5% phenol solution and 1% hydrochloric acid.
Sources of infection
Major sources of infection are various animals( rats, livestock, pigs, dogs, etc.).
In this case, a patient with a peddler of bacteria is not. Among them, it spreads through food and water.
A person becomes infected by contact with water. Microbes can be picked up through the skin if the water is contaminated with feces, on contact with moist soil, when working with meat, and when eating contaminated foods.
The disease occurs in most wild and domestic animals, among which there are its vectors. 
Source of of icteric form are rats, and aquatic - small rodents, sheep, goats, pigs, etc. Therefore, leptospirosis is a disease of farm workers and slaughterhouses, and the like.
Also progressive leptospirosis in dogs is very often transmitted to humans.
Infection is possible and when swimming in contaminated water.
Often, leptospirosis outbreaks occur in late summer and early autumn.
How the infection penetrates the human body
To get microbes into the body, the least damage to the skin is enough.
Therefore, infection can occur even with light contact with water, where there is a pathogen.
Through the mucous eye, it also easily penetrates into the interior. There are no changes at the site of leptospira penetration.
On the organism bacteria move on the lymphatic system .However, inflammation in the lymph nodes is not observed. Pathogens easily penetrate tissues and organs. They harm the central nervous system, the kidneys, the lungs, the liver and the spleen.
Bacteria multiply and concentrate in internal organs.
Symptoms of the disease
Infection is acute. There are no prerequisites for detecting the disease.
Leptospirosis has in 2 stages.
First stage
The first stage - leptospiraemia - in the cerebrospinal fluid and in the blood the pathogen is detected. It is observed for a week.
The main symptoms of human leptospirosis in the first stage are:
- chills;
- temperature increase;
- muscle pain;
- palpation of the calf muscles, lower back and hamstrings is painful;
- redness of the face, chest and neck;
- rash;
- erythematous exanthema;
- diarrhea;
- cough;
- cough with blood;
- cardiac disorders;
- sensitivity change.
The second stage of
The symptoms of leptospirosis in humans at this stage are manifested by the defeat of internal organs.
The disease affects on: 
- the nervous system;
- liver;
- of the kidney.
In complicated cases of there are:
- jaundice;
- meningitis;
- kidney failure;
- serious violations in the liver.
The latent period with leptospirosis can last from 4 to 14 days.
Summarizing, it should be noted that the disease begins unexpectedly, sharply, without prerequisites and is characterized by:
- chill;
- by the manifestation of the ocular vessels;
- temperature rise;
- with severe migraine;
- sleep disturbance;
- excessive water consumption;
- with severe muscle pain;
- with edema and redness of the neck and face;
- lack of appetite;
- yellow skin;
- with heart problems;
- changes in the connective tissue of the respiratory tract;
- increased liver and spleen;
- is affected by renal tissue;
- symptoms of uremia.
Weil Syndrome
Weil syndrome is a special symptom of leptospirosis.
His is characterized by:
- decrease in hemoglobin level;
- jaundice,
- prolonged fever;
- impaired consciousness;
- lesions of the kidney or liver;
- gastric bleeding and from the nose;
- cough with blood;
- hemorrhage in the adrenal gland;
- problems with the respiratory system;
- muscle pain.
Detection is based on epidemics, lysis and agglutination reactions, blood and urine tests.
Diagnostic methods
To date, there are many methods for diagnosing infectious diseases.
Many of them can be used already from the first days and have a high level of efficiency in identifying various pathogens.
Diagnosis of human leptospirosis is performed by through:
- blood culture;
- urine culture;
- analysis of cerebrospinal fluid;
- blood test for antibodies against leptospira;
- study of the clinical picture;
- study of the epidemiological situation;
- biochemical blood test;
- coagulogram;
- kidney ultrasound - if a lesion is detected;
- lumbar puncture - in the presence of signs of meningitis;
- serological diagnosis;
- detection of bacterial DNA by PCR.
Treatment of infection
Treatment of leptospirosis in humans begins with the fact that a person infected with leptospirosis should be placed in the in case of a high risk of complications arising and development, and also in cases where doctors consider it necessary to monitor the body's condition.
Patients with are assigned bed rest before the temperature is normalized. In case of signs of abnormalities in the functioning of the kidneys, patients also remain in bed. With changes in the functioning of the kidneys and liver, patients are prescribed a diet.
The following general treatment tools for are:
- administration of drugs necessary to neutralize manifestations of concomitant diseases;
- elimination of toxins from the body;
- monitoring of the heart and respiratory system;
- permanent blood tests;
- general measures of intensive care - if there are serious problems with kidneys, liver or pulmonary edema;
- anti-leptospirosis donor immunoglobulin.
The main method of treatment is the use of antibiotics.
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Complications of
Dangerous complications of the disease can become:
- eye lesions;
- hepatic coma;
- kidney failure;
- bleeding;
- vision impairment;
- disorders of the heart;
- paralysis, paresis;
- infectious-toxic shock;
- meningitis;
- secondary pneumonia,
- abscess,
- pressure ulcers.
High mortality is recorded due to renal or hepatic impairment, and it makes up about 60% .
Forecast
If complications and manifestations of jaundice are not present, then the prognosis is favorable. 
The death of may occur because the liver or kidney of and, meningoencephalitis or problems with light, insufficient or inadequate medical care and a weakened state of the body failed.
Today the death rate from the disease does not exceed 1-2%.
Prevention of the disease
Methods for preventing human leptospirosis should be based on three aspects: vectors of pathogens, modes of spread and the gate of the disease.
Prevention of human leptospirosis consists of such measures:
- control of the incidence of agricultural animals;
- introduction of the vaccine;
- control of the condition of water sources;
- control of the distribution of rats, mice, etc.
- isolation in a separate room or in the pasture of sick animals;quarantine;
- cleaning and disinfection of feeding troughs, inventory and premises for animals;
- providing workers with waterproof shoes and prints;
- prohibition of bathing in contaminated water bodies;
- for use and domestic needs should be used only purified water;
- protects food and water from contamination by rodents.
Video: Leptospirosis or quiet, but a sure killer
A lethal infection of leptospirosis symptoms of a common cold, you run a risk of life on the beach and in the forest. Your pets are carriers of a deadly disease.
