Guillain-Barre syndrome. What it is, causes, symptoms and treatment, diagnosis of disease

The syndrome gets its name from the scientific name J. Guillain and Jean Barre - a rapidly progressive inflammatory neuropathy in an acute form. The disease occurs on the background of the weakness of the muscles, reducing the sensitivity of the limbs. The disease belongs to a class of autoimmune pathologies.

Characteristics of the disease

Such a diagnosis can be made with great weakness and loss of sensation in any of the limbs. In this case, the expert exclude other pathologies of the nervous system (poliomyelitis, stem stroke in the acute form, lesions of the central nervous system, etc.).

Clinically identified several types of the disease:

• In the classical form of a directly implies dimieliniziruyuschuyu acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy. Occurs in most cases (about 90% of cases).
• Axonal form associated with acute motor axonal neuropathy. A key feature is the loss of nerve endings that form the basis of motor fibers. It develops in isolation.
• Miller-Fisher syndrome is considered a form of the syndrome, in which there is paralysis of the eye muscles, violation of the cerebellum muscles.

Guillain-Barre syndrome - it does not stop every year mutated disease. It constantly transforms and creates new forms, is difficult to treat. In practice, the latter include severe sensory neuropathy, cranial polyneuropathy. These forms are rare in practice.

Due to the fact that at the moment do not know all the causes of the disease, the treatment of this syndrome does not exist. Only different procedures are used that reduce the symptoms, the pain threshold. In spite of this, the disease is considered to be one of the rare.

She was sick 2 people from 10,000. Completely impossible to recover from the syndrome, so most people in life is saved for a number of symptoms (numbness, fatigue, presence of weakness).

The causes of disease

Guillain - Barre syndrome - a disease whose causes are analyzed and the researchers reveal every year. Full list of factors that influence the occurrence of this disease is not known.

Clinically proven that the disease is associated with abnormalities in the immune system.

The human body, which has no health problems, can properly carry out the fight against alien abnormal cells, thereby eliminating the most dangerous of them.

When the body has a predisposition to the syndrome of Guillain-Barre syndrome the human body can not determine which cells and their health, and with what you need to heal. In this case, there is a gradual disturbance to the functioning of the nervous system that leads to the revitalization and development of the syndrome.

Disorders related to immune system activity can be divided into several parts:

The cause of	Characteristic
Traumatic brain injury	Due to the impact of the head, as well as in connection with any injuries, swelling and tumors that can be observed, can cause the syndrome. When the patient asks for help to a specialist, the latter examines the history and identifies whether the last of the skull or brain damage.
Viral diseases (infection of different spectrum)	This is due to the fact that the protection function is considered that neurons act as a pathology and sends them to fight a large number of white blood cells. Therefore, signs of the syndrome after infectious diseases occur in a few weeks.
allergic reactions	The syndrome may occur after of chemotherapy, administration of the vaccine against polio and diphtheria, or after the operating procedures.
Heredity (genetics)	This syndrome can be inherited, regardless of whether, when and by whom the disease was transferred to the family.

Children and adolescents less confirmed by the appearance of this syndrome. The exception is the transmission of the disease is inherited.

The impetus for the revitalization of pathological processes may arise circumstances that affect the course of pregnancy:

• gestosis various forms;
• no observance medication regimens means;
• the development of autoimmune diseases in mothers;
• long course of infectious diseases during pregnancy;
• violations that occur when the expectant mother uses drugs, alcohol or smoking.

As the acquired factors in childhood may be:

• if the child is a passive smoker;
• disruptions in the quantity and quality of hormones in the child's body;
• adverse effects after vaccination;
• treatment without professional supervision;
• failure in metabolic processes;
• the appearance of tumors of various types, as well as disorders associated with the functioning of the nervous system.

Symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome

Guillain-Barré syndrome - a pathological phenomenon, which can develop in three key ways:

• The disease is in an acute form It is developing rapidly. Diagnosed after a few days of the appearance of the primary symptoms.
• subacuteIn which on the incubation period is from two weeks to a month.
• The chronic form often not treated, it is considered one of the most dangerous, because there are difficulties in the diagnosis. They are associated with subacute disease progression.

Initially syndrome symptoms occur against a background of weakness in the muscles, numbness in the extremities (first in the legs, and then in the upper limbs).

As well as the first signs are the following:

1. hyperthermia;
   
2. A sense of aches in the bones;
3. Inflammation of the respiratory organs;
4. Disorders of the gastrointestinal - intestinal tract and others.

Rare primary characteristics features can act pathological effects on the cranial nerves, thereby causing disorder in the movement of the eyeballs, swallowing process.

Level disturbances in motor functions may depend on the severity and extent of the disease course.

In more than 25% of clinical cases, there is the occurrence of respiratory failure. You may also receive malfunction of the cardiovascular system, changes in the sweat glands and so on. In the course of this disease is the development of a person loses the ability to enjoy your body as destroyed almost all of the internal systems of the body.

What is dangerous for a syndrome?

This syndrome develops after inflammatory myelin sheath that covers the nerve endings. Can arise in the case of severe comorbidity, and after a spider bite, or if there is a human congenital disease (HIV infection).

Syndrome, the risk of which is related to the fact that under the influence of negative factors of all the organs of the body breaking down, was first opened Gieyna Barre in 1916. The process begins with the lower limbs, gradually rising up and reaching the thighs, paralysis occurs.

A person ceases to control your body, it becomes merely a shell, unable to work for him.

Also in the course of the disease can interfere with disturbances in the functioning of the autonomic nervous system that entails increased heart rate, changes in blood pressure, loss of bladder control (it may be incontinence).

Such situations are delivered not only a nuisance to humans, but also may be in extremely severe cases cause death. Among the complications caused by the syndrome are isolated violations of the lungs, pneumonia, sepsis, venous thrombosis.

diagnosis of the disease

Upon detection of the primary symptoms should immediately contact someone for help. The reason is to put yourself or refute the diagnosis or confirm, on the basis of analyzes and tests.

Specialist at the examination of the patient should ask the standard questions, which relate to information about the latest transferred disease extent and severity of its during the course of what medication the drug is taken ill, if he has a history of autoimmune disease or a tumor, and whether the injuries were head.

Further, given the direction of the delivery of the analyzes:

1. General and biochemical analysis of blood
2. The study of patient urine
3. Taking for examination of cerebrospinal fluid;
4. MRI and CT;
5. Direction on x-rays and ultrasound patient area;
6. ECG holding.

We also study the patient's breathing. The specialist should pay attention to whether there is a weakness in the limbs have addressed the patient, and how long ago it occurred, its nature and extent of the pain threshold. It is necessary to pay special attention to sensitivity disorders, as they are the primary signs indicating the presence of Guillain-Barre syndrome.

differential diagnosis

Guillain-Barre syndrome - a pathology in which the symptoms may be similar to any other disease (botulism, transverse myelitis, porphyria, etc.). It must be clearly and carefully approach the differential diagnosis of the syndrome processes.

It is necessary to pay attention to the presence of the following points:

1. In the case of suspected polio patient in need to create a set of documents that exclude the disease. It is necessary to take into account the symptoms manifested by the gastrointestinal tract, to detect cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid, finding the damaged areas with impaired sensitivity. Polio can be accurately diagnosed on the basis of serological or virological tests.
2. Polyneuropathy is different from Guillain - Barre manifestation of psychopathological disorders, the appearance of pain in the pelvis and abdomen. Based on the analysis of urine (in the case of abnormality indicator from the norm) says that the body develops polievropatiya.
3. Such disease as transverse myelitis causes damage in the absence of pelvic scuffing cranial nerves.
4. cerebral infarction is the result of a possible momentary coma, while its symptoms are similar to symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome. It helps pinpoint abnormal MRI;
5. In contrast to the syndrome of Guillain-Barré in botulism occurs disorders and in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Treatment

If the patient was put such a diagnosis, then it needs to be hospitalized immediately in the intensive care unit. In 45% of cases due to the occurrence of respiratory failure, such patients require mechanical ventilation, which is carried out only under the close supervision of specialists.

In the case of neglected diseases, in case of patient bedsores, various infections, it needs special care.

It should be not less than once every three o'clock position to carry out the change person to take care of the purity of the skin, controlling bowel movements, carried out at the gym features. If bradycardia with the threat of the emergence of asystole necessary to install a pacemaker.

resuscitative therapy

In a situation where the pathology is developing rapidly, and in the acute phase, the recommended resuscitation treatment.

It is considered an effective way to address the development of symptoms and includes:

• Connecting the patient to the ventilator system.
  
• Use a special catheter to drain urine.
• Make installation of the tracheal tube and the probe (in case of swallowing problems).

symptomatic therapy

Symptomatic treatment is carried out using medication different degree of influence on the disease:

1. Antihypertensive drugs (Inderal);
2. Treatment is carried out with antibiotics (Norfloxacin);
3. For stabilization of the heart using Inderal, Piracetam;
4. Drugs that eliminate the pain - Pregabalin, Gabapentin;
5. In the presence of high temperature - Ibuklin;
6. In case of violation of the gastrointestinal tract using Laksatin.

plasmapheresis

It is considered the most effective therapy. It serves as the patient's blood purification procedures. It is prescribed to those patients who are in serious condition. Organize the 5-7 sessions in one day (Using the time to rest).

The bottom line is that, instead of plasma albumin in the blood is poured, by means of which the blood is cleaned, affecting thereby to normalize the vital processes of the human body.

Surgery during treatment

In situations where mechanical ventilation to last more than a week, the patient create the conditions for the imposition of a tracheostomy (artificial throat). When the patient can not eat, spend as gastroostromu (quickly create a hole in the stomach, to feed the patient).

Non-pharmacological treatment of folk remedies

The useful effect of folk remedies for treatment Gieyna-Barre syndrome is only possible in the case of an integrated approach of using various drugs and non-pharmacological treatment.

Due to the fact that some patients may increase the body temperature, then for them it is recommended bed rest and drinking plenty of warm drinks. Tea with lemon, herbs help to reduce the temperature to a normal range. If the drink is to add mint, chamomile - it will have a favorable effect on the nervous system.

Since in the syndrome is marked weakness in the bones, it helps to eliminate the symptom of tea based on cranberries, and compresses of cabbage or burdock.

Also to relieve the joints using a special rubbing based on natural ingredients and alcohol. Much attention is paid to the compression dressings with salt. They are superimposed on the inflamed area for several hours, thereby impacts in the skin for a disease and eliminating the pain threshold.

Rehabilitation

Guillain - Barre syndrome affects neurons okolokostnye muscles, thus, one must re-learn to get out of bed, walk in space and move the limbs.

To improve the effects of drugs, and for the restoration of muscle function is used:

• Electrophoresis.
• Massage limbs, back.
• Bath with relaxing oils.
• Mask and wrap with paraffin.
• Physiotherapy.

After treatment, the person to whom the diagnosis was made, must comply with food regulations eat healthy foods and take a vitamin complex (with a high content of calcium, potassium, magnesium).

Furthermore, as a general guideline after treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome is a rejection of bad habits, adherence of the day, the use of food cooked or stewed, daily physical activity light degree.

Forecast

Guillain-Barre syndrome, in some cases, seen in people who are receiving proper treatment to eliminate the syndrome, experienced high rates in the restoration of all functions of the body within six months - a year. Severe symptoms may persist in 5-7% of cases.

Relapses occur in 7% of patients, and death - at 3%. Among the suspected causes of death respiratory failure is isolated, pneumonia and others. This forecast depends on several factors (age of the patient, the course of therapy, the extent of the disease).

Registration of the article: Lozinski Oleg

Video of the Guillain-Barré syndrome

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