Dehydration in a child: symptoms, causes and consequences. Treatment of children under one year, 2-3 years, with vomiting, diarrhea, what to do at home

The human body consists of water by 65 - 70%. A newborn child - 85%. Over the years, this figure reduced from what organism aging. The little man is actively developed, so it requires a lot of clean and quality water, so it is important to notice the dehydration symptoms in children.

Determination of fluid in the body of the child norm

A newborn baby receives the necessary water from the mother's milk. The situation is different with the first feeding inlet. From this point on the mother's milk is not enough to fill the required amount of water.

Its rate was calculated by the formula: 50 ml per kg body weight of the child. Take into account the water in the breast milk, which is 75% of total. The difference between the two figures will indicate how much water is not enough child.

For example:

• baby weight - 7.5 kg of water it is necessary to - 7.5 x 50 = 375 ml;
• he drinks milk - 400 ml, water 75% of it is: 400 x 0.75 = 300 ml;
• difference: 375 - 300 = 75 ml.

So, a child a day to give 75 ml of water.

With age, the child becomes more active, longer eat solid food, increased water consumption, since it cleanses the body, restores the forces involved in the supply of vitamins and minerals. Therefore, the water should be available in the right quantity. Its rate is calculated using the same formula as for children under one year.

Causes of dehydration

Dehydration in a child has symptoms of a variety, but they are closely related to their causes:

1. Diseases caused by viruses and infections that occur with fever, burdened by vomiting and diarrhea. If your child has a sore throat, he refuses to eat and drink;
2. Poisoning by drugs and household chemicals, as a result of which there is vomiting, and diarrhea;
3. Uncontrolled medication, since their dissolution body expends liquid;
4. Intoxication due to rotavirus infection. It manifests itself as elevated temperature and cough, then added vomiting and diarrhea;
5. In hot weather, the baby loses moisture through perspiration;
6. Diabetes mellitus leads to frequent urination, fluid leaves more than fed;
7. Hereditary nature of the disease such as cystic fibrosis, malabsorption, lead to dehydration.

The liquid in the body of the child is compensated by plain water. Its uniqueness is that it is quickly absorbed and easily digested, participates in all important processes.

types of dehydration

In the human body, water is present in organs, the circulatory system between cells and tissues. Prolonged lack of fluid causes dehydration or dehydration.

There are several types of it:

• isotonic - frequent type of dehydration, fluid loss occurs slowly, evenly, the body does not experience great suffering;
• hypotonic - vomiting deficiency increases the extracellular fluid, the sodium concentration decreases, which leads to renal failure, plasma water from the blood passes into the cells, causing their swelling;
• hypertensive - prolonged diarrhea and sweating increased sodium content, intracellular fluid passes into the blood channel to provide the function of internal organs, it creates a deficiency in cells.

The consequences of dehydration

Work organism as a whole depends on the water content.

Its deficiency leads to changes:

1. In the brain, - disturbed blood supply, power cord, increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's, atherosclerosis, a protective function is disrupted blood-brain barrier;
2. In blood - thickening, increases its viscosity, reduced vascular lumens, its component blood cells (leucocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes) are glued together and lead to the formation of blood clots;
3. The immune system - in the cells of developing immunodeficiency disorders, and there are chronic diseases: bronchial asthma, infertility, scleroderma, systemic diseases;
4. Disturbed metabolism that leads to obesity.

signs of dehydration

Dehydration in infants is determined by the following criteria:

• anxiety, crying without tears;
• dry mouth and eyes;
• sunken fontanelle;
• dry diaper to 7 hours;
• urine changes color and odor;
• increased heart rate;
• lethargy, failure to wake up.

  

Not less affected by a lack of fluid in the body of the older children.

Symptoms such:

• prolonged vomiting and diarrhea (more than 12 hours);
• semiconscious mind;
• labored breathing;
• break in urination to 7 hours;
• complaints of pain and abdominal cramps;
• heat.

Symptoms of dehydration in a child can be seen with the naked eye. The main thing is to closely monitor the condition of the baby.

Norma urination

Dehydration leads to changes in the allocation of urine in the child:

• decreases frequency of urination;
• and the number of one-time daily;
• an unpleasant odor;
• changes color.

The estimated rate of urinary excretion in children in the first year of life:

• newborn in the first day - 5 - 6 times, the volume of - 60 ml;
• up to 6 months - 20 - 25 times per day to 30 ml total - 300 - 500 ml;
• 6 months to 1 year - 15 - 16 times per day to 60 ml total - 750 ml.

Doubt parents can confirm or deny the only laboratory tests.

Determining the degree of dehydration

The child's body loses fluid very quickly, it is manifested in mild, moderate and severe. Mild - baby loses up to 5% of his body.

Common symptoms:

• thirst - a child constantly asks to drink;
• frequent bowel movements - up to 5 times a day;
• slight vomiting - it can be taken for regurgitation;
• internal coating of the mouth, nose and eyes are not changed.

Adjustment of status does not deliver the baby problems. The average degree of - body weight decreased by 6 - 9%.

Water shortage is compounded by the following manifestations:

• the intensity of bowel movements - up to 10 times per day, stool is liquid, there are traces of blood and mucus;
• persistent vomiting;
• the inner surface of the mouth, nose dry;
• Skin loses its elasticity;
• dry skin, folds back to its original position for 2 seconds, becomes more bluish;
• sticky saliva;
• fontanelle sinks;
• reduced excretion of urine;
• poorly palpable pulse;
• eyes emit no tears when crying.

The child becomes moody, restless, irritable. The condition is not critical, it can be treated in a hospital. Severe - weight reduction of more than 10%.

It has these symptoms:

• increased stool more than 10 times a day and persistent vomiting;
• Dried inner surfaces of the mouth and nose;
• the eyes are not closed, the cornea retain moisture;
• strongly sink fontanelle eyes;
• the child is not urinating;
• hands and feet lose heat;
• a child can be disengaged;
• quickens the pulse.

Condition is difficult to treat. If you do not have time to emergency assistance, possibly fatal.

Dehydration child up to a year

If the physician decides possible home treatment, the prescribed desoldering electrolyte solutions in combination with glucose: daily dose of 130 ml per kilogram of body weight. Apply the "tour", "Humana Electrolyte". If diarrhea and vomiting continues, the child is determined to a hospital for treatment by intravenous injection.

baby skin dehydration

Dehydration of the skin is determined by the following criteria:

1. Lost elasticity;
2. Itching, peeling;
3. Flabby skin, while squeezing the fold is straightened after 2 seconds or more;
4. Cold, bluish;
5. Acquires a marble pattern.

As a result of dehydration of the skin can not perform the main function - protecting the body against negative external effects.

What to do if you have diarrhea

Indigestion in the child parents' actions are as follows:

1. Water baby as often as possible and in small portions. Use any liquid, which he will ask, and salt solutions. If you write every 3 hours, then water in the body is enough. If you do not drink, do not hesitate to call the "fast";
2. Post cure temperature if it is higher than 38.5 degrees;
3. After each stool wash away the child and to lubricate the anus baby cream to prevent irritation;
4. Monitor the status of the child, to prevent dehydration.

What to do if vomiting

Vomiting, diarrhea and the like, followed by excretion from the body fluid.

recommendations:

1. Call a doctor;
2. Put the baby on its side to avoid getting emetic contents into the trachea;
3. Writing adsorbents (activated carbon, "Enterosgel", "Atoxil", "Smekta"). Even a small amount of their outputs toxic substances and germs from the stomach;
4. Baby drink water with electrolytes and fluid ( "Regidron", "tour").

What to do when rotavirus

Symptoms of dehydration in a child with rotavirus are not immediate. Initially, the temperature rises and begins vomiting, diarrhea occurs then to 10 - 12 times per day.

Advice for parents:

• call a doctor;
• water baby room temperature liquid in small portions (of cups, spoons, bottles);
• included in the drink means to restore salt balance ( "Regidron", "Humana Electrolyte" and others);
• put the baby on the side to vomit did not get into the respiratory tract;
• before the arrival of the doctor did not give medications;
• monitor the status of the child, in case of severe dehydration symptoms, promptly call the "fast".

What to do in ARI and ARI

The elevated temperature leads to dehydration.

Tips for parents:

1. Water baby as often as possible. Fit any liquid: water, juice, stewed fruit, decoction of raisins and dried apricots;
2. Rehydration solutions for use: "Regidron", "Normogidron", "tour" and others;
3. Nose instilled with saline ( "akvamaris", "Humor", "Marimer"). You can do it yourself: in a liter of water to dissolve a teaspoon of table salt;
4. Any treatment with medicines prescribed by a doctor.

What to do at

To high temperatures did not lead to dehydration, the following actions are required from the parents:

1. Create the room air temperature 18 - 20 degrees, humidity 50 - 70%;
2. Provide plenty of drink: stewed fruit, juice, decoction of raisins, sweet drinks, rehydration products ( "Regidron" and others);
3. At a temperature of 38.5 degrees greater - to give "Ibuprofen", "Paracetamol" in liquid form.

In some cases, a child can not otpaivat

By helping your child with dehydration, it is important to know that the rehydration is not carried out in case of:

• persistent vomiting;
• dewatering the critical form;
• reduction of urine, which may indicate kidney problems;
• increased levels of sugar.

Each of these symptoms - a direct path to the baby hospitalization.

When an urgent need to call a doctor

Parents should not rely on the case or their knowledge in pediatrics.

Urgent call for a doctor when such symptoms:

• overdried language;
• dry crying;
• Do not write more than 6 hours;
• Do not sweat;
• He refuses to drink.

Diagnostic Methods dehydration

In identifying the type and extent of dehydration using a dehydration assessment of clinical manifestations.

From laboratory tests used:

1. Complete blood count (CBC) - gives an idea of ​​the state of the organism as a whole;
2. Bakposev blood - finds out the presence of bacteria and their sensitivity to antibiotics;
3. Urinalysis - to rule out infection in the bladder, the presence of sugar, the severity of dehydration.

Treatment in hospital

Inpatient treatment depends on the severity of the patient's incoming.

apply:

• oral rehydration;
• parenteral treatment;
• infusion therapy.

Peporalnaya regidrotatsiya

This type of replenishment of lost fluid is used for mild to moderate dehydration.

use:

1. Solutions of glucose and salts with sodium and potassium ( "Glyukosolan", "Tsitroglyukosolan", "Regidron");
2. Fluids without salt content, the weak consistency lemon tea, fruit drinks, mineral water without gas, carrot juice, rice water.

Treatment is carried out in two stages:

1. In the first 6 at a liquid hourly mild administered in an amount of 50 ml / kg, with an average - 80 ml / kg;
2. In the next 18 hours is increased fluid administered to 80 - 100 ml / kg.

Liquid give parts of 1 - 2 hours. l. 1 st. l. every 5 - 10 minutes.

parenteral rehydration

Replenishing fluids by intravenous injection is carried out in the case where:

• ineffective oral dosage forms;
• liquid shortage takes catastrophic;
• persistent vomiting;
• amplification loose stool;
• cessation of urination.

The daily amount administered drugs is counted by adding:

• the amount of liquid required child every day;
• volume required for larger masses;
• volume which the body continues to lose.

Thereto was further added liquid volume, if there vomiting, diarrhea, urinary excretion difficult.

fluid management

Beginning with the introduction of colloidal solutions ( "Albumin" "Dextrose" "Reopoligljukin"). to infants intravenously administered solution with sodium and glucose. Apply "Acesol" and others, but with caution.

Treatment is carried out in stages:

1. Eliminating the effects of shock, recovery of weight deficit, adjust hemodynamics;
2. Inject solutions slowly to 15 - 20 drops per minute. Increase the volume of liquid to drink and catering;
3. Intravenously administered potassium chloride solution.

medications

Dehydration in a child, the symptoms of which are discussed above, are treated with such drugs:

1. "Regidron" - normalizes the acid-base balance;
2. "Humana Electrolyte" - adjusts the water-electrolyte ratio, suitable for babies up to a year due to the lower sodium content;
3. "Touring" - fills the water-electrolyte loss, chamomile reduces inflammation, eliminates cramping, is antiseptic;
4. "Albumin" - colloidal infusion solution for injections, restores the water-base balance, toxins;
5. "Dextrose" - solution for intravenous infusion, replenishes water deficit, is a carbohydrate meals;
6. "Acesol" - saline injection, removes blood clots, normalizes capillary circulation, removes harmful substances;
7. "Trisol" - a similar effect.

home treatment

Home Treatment begins as soon as the child begins to nausea, vomiting, fever.

What should parents do:

1. Call a doctor;
2. Watch a child;
3. Collect stool for the arrival of a doctor;
4. Do not administer their own medication;
5. Drink frequently and in small portions. Using water, mineral water without gas, saline solutions from the pharmacy or prepared independently from the decoction of dried raisins. Liquid at room temperature;
6. Diarrhea without vomiting cook congee: tbsp rice 2 cups water and cook until the liquid is reduced by half;
7. Do not feed, if he asks, give gruel;
8. When the deterioration of the cause "fast".

Healing diet

After normalization of the stomach and bowel functions, should follow a sparing diet.

What can I eat to older children:

• Soup pureed liquid water;
• Steam or boiled vegetables in a shabby;
• jelly from berries, stewed fruit (prunes excluded).

Children and infants up to one year:

• infants receive human milk;
• bottle-- cultured milk mixture, acidophilus milk, yogurt;
• Lure - liquid pureed soups and vegetables, steamed or boiled.

Can not be used:

• milk and fatty dairy products;
• cereal with milk;
• fatty meats and fish;
• strong broths;
• smoked and canned foods;
• Bread and Butter cakes;
• fruits and vegetables with a high content of fiber.

Prevention of fluid deficit

1. Teach a child to use water with the introduction of complementary foods;
2. Increasing the amount of water for the child in hot weather and at high temperature;
3. Begin to water the child at the first sign of symptoms of the disease: infection, poisoning;
4. Having a medicine cabinet saline solutions;
5. Do not stop feeding the baby during diarrhea and vomiting;
6. starvation diet is applicable only in the first hours of the disease.

Dehydration in a child - a pathology with a variety of symptoms. Knowledge military parents will be able in time to help your child, not to bring the situation to a critical stage.

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