Analysis of total blood. Decoding results in adults and children. Norma table for age, sex

Laboratory diagnosis - a very effective way to assess the condition of the person. The most common are the general and complete blood count. They are easy to carry out, they do not require a lot of preparation time, allow to obtain a wide range of information. Based on it, you can make a diagnosis, the accuracy of which depends on the correct decoding of the received parameters of the study.

Indications for the general analysis of blood

This method of diagnosis is usually prescribed in cases of suspected development of infectious lesions, inflammation or malignancy. It is most commonly performed on admission of the patient to the hospital. It can also be performed periodically to assess treatment efficacy.

Doctors recommend periodically conduct it as a prevention. This allows you to identify problems early and to begin treatment in time. This is particularly important for those who are at increased cancer risk group.

Blood general, decoding is performed physician indicates the number of red blood cells, the rate of hemoglobin level, the number of leucocytes and thrombocytes, as well as the concentration of cellular components in a liquid base.

More often resorted to the analysis in the diagnosis of:

• anemia;
• the presence of infection in the tissues;
• cancer;
• blood abnormalities;
• the general state of the organism.

If a person has any chronic diseases, should periodically conduct a review, in time to prevent worsening of the disease, identify complications and speed up the recovery process. In such cases, the frequency of the determined by the physician. Healthy person is recommended to diagnose not less than once a year.

How to prepare for the study

To the general blood analysis is necessary to prepare properly to its interpretation corresponds to reality. It is best to talk to a doctor. He will give a few tips that should observe the day before blood donation.

But in any case, you can follow the general recommendations that appear in the following way:

• the last meal should be consumed no later than 19.00, or within 4 hours before bedtime;
• should give up smoking in the day of the procedure, even better not to smoke for several days;
• you can not drink alcoholic beverages during the 3 previous days;
• you should not eat fried and fatty foods;
• the day of the procedure is to abandon physical exertion;
• within 14 days before the delivery of blood is necessary to abandon the use of antibiotics and other medicines, which may affect the result of the analysis;
• it is worth remembering that to donate blood for the KLA is necessary in the first place, as other procedures can significantly influence the composition of the blood, for example, massage, acupuncture, x-rays, surgery, ultrasound and other physical therapy procedures;
• on the day of donation can not eat any food and drink sweet drinks (you can only drink a normal, clean water), as this may cause the increase of the number of white blood cells that affects the accuracy of the result.
• if the aim is to diagnose the sugar level should avoid chewing gum, candy and not brushing your teeth;

do not neglect the recommendations, as the real picture distortion can significantly affect the accuracy of the diagnosis is correct and the duration of treatment. KLA helps to identify even the slightest failures in the internal organs, timely response to that allows you to stay healthy and to begin treatment in a timely manner.

The process of blood sampling

Blood sampling usually takes place in the morning, when the body of the patient to be in optimum condition. He does not suffer from hunger, mental and physical stress. The blood can be taken two ways, first - out of the ring finger, the second - from a vein.

Blood from a finger can take a technician or nurse. Typically, a small amount of blood from a finger is enough to study the composition of the blood, the amount of hemoglobin and clotting.

Also in this manner it is taken material for the study of sugar. Some modern laboratory equipment can automatically from a small amount of blood available cholesterol, triglycerides, and other components.

Health worker should carry out the procedure in a sterile gloves. It should be disinfected with an alcohol swab the patient's finger and pricking device using a disposable, quick motion to make a hole in the skin surface.

It is important to ensure that scarifier was necessarily new, packed in a sealed wrapper, which must be opened in the presence of the patient. Then, with a blower necessary amount of blood is taken, which is poured into a test tube with an individual number.

Blood for the KLA can be taken from a vein, where is also required to conduct biochemical analysis. Material for analysis takes nurse via syringe from the cubital vein. This procedure can be applied a tourniquet, superimposed on the arm at the shoulder.

It is important that the harness is not strongly pinched and briefly was on hand, as it can result in increasing the amount of protein. The obtained blood is added to the tube containing the anticoagulant agent.

During the procedure, the patient should be relaxed and feel good. The health worker is obliged to only use the disinfected instruments. Tourniquet and roller arm should be wiped with a disinfectant solution. Syringe with needle and nurses gloves should be disposable, and extracted from a sealed package in the presence of the patient.

How to wait for results

A blood test overall, decoding which takes a few minutes, it takes some time for it. KLA time obtaining results depends on many factors. First and foremost on the workload of the lab and the equipment available. Also the speed of the analysis depends on the blood collecting space or finger veins.

Modern clinic buy the necessary equipment, so as not to transfer the material to specialized laboratories and speed up the process of getting a result. Therefore, the patient is able to get the lab concluded within days, sometimes even hours.

But more often than public clinics do not have such equipment because of what have to wait for the result for weeks. Therefore, if the result is needed urgently, it is better to give preference to private clinics or laboratories.

It should be noted that the shelf life is limited and studies indicate the laboratory staff. Depending on the purpose of analysis, the shelf life may be shortened or extended.

Diagnosis of blood from a vein held a little longer because of its particular saturated structure. Where appropriate, if the patient is in critical condition, the analysis results can be obtained within half an hour.

Table analysis of normal values ​​in adults by age, gender

A blood test overall, decoding is difficult for a person without medical training, a certain standards. On the basis of these, the patient has the opportunity to assess the results of the study. All standard indicators are structured in a single table. to evaluate the results of the study. All standard indicators are structured in a single table.

Indicators unit	Women	men
Hemoglobin	120-140	130-160
erythrocytes	3,7-4,7	4-5,1
color index	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15
reticulocytes	0,2-1,2	0,2-1,2
leukocytes	4-9	4-9
stab	1-6	1-6
segmented	47-72	47-72
eosinophils	0-5	0-5
platelets	180-400	180-400
basophils	0-1	0-1
lymphocytes	18-40	18-40
monocytes	2-9	2-9
ESR	2-15	2-15

Norm indicators for children over the age of

Indicator	Age
newborn	up to 1 year	1-6 years	6-12 years
Hemoglobin	180-240	113-140	100 — 140	120 — 150
erythrocytes	4-5,5	3,7-5,3	3,9-5,3	4,0-5,2
color index	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,8-1,0	0,8-1,0
reticulocytes	3-15	3-12	0,3-1,2	0,3-1,2
leukocytes	8,5-24,5	6-12	4,9-12,3	4,5-10
stab	42736,00	0,5- 5	1-5	1-5
segmented	45-80	16-45	32 — 55	43 — 60
eosinophils	1-6	1,5	1-6	1-5
basophils	0 — 1	0 — 1	0 — 1	0 — 1
lymphocytes	15 — 35	45 — 70	33 — 55	30 — 46
platelets	180-490	160-390	160-390	160-390
ESR	2-4	4-12	4-12	4-12

Deciphering the study results

A blood test overall, decoding is carried out on the basis of indicators of the table, it helps us to understand whether a single factor in the rate of which deviations there and cause any abnormalities they may be.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin - a type of protein, red blood cell component. Its task is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the organs and tissues. With a lack of hemoglobin cells suffer from a lack of oxygen, impaired metabolic process and constantly changes the acid-alkaline balance.

Norma hemoglobin age

Normally, its content should be in the range from 120 to 160 g per liter for adults and 120 to 240 for children.

Why increased hemoglobin?

As the level of decrease and increase indicates malfunctions in the body, which can be caused by serious diseases.

Causes:

• renal failure;
• high blood sugar;
• hemodyscrasia function;
• vitamin B12 deficiency;
• dehydration;
• intoxication, caused by various factors.

These factors provoke the increase of density of the blood, disorders of the brain blood circulation, accumulation of cholesterol, clogging blood vessels and the formation of blood clots.

Why low hemoglobin?

The reason for lowering can be innocuous factors, such as class physical labor, long walks and diet. In such cases, the hemoglobin content will return to normal as soon as the influence of certain factors stops on the body.

For more serious reasons include:

• iron deficiency;
• helminth infections;
• excessive bleeding;
• violation of the digestive tract works;
• abuse of beverages containing caffeine;
• deficiency of vitamins and other micronutrients;
• anemia.

the number of red blood cells

Red blood cells take up the largest share of the blood cells. Since they contain hemoglobin, and their main function is to transport oxygen through the circulatory system, as well as the transfer of carbon dioxide and nutrients.

erythrocytes norm for age

For women, the rate is 3.7-4.7 * 12 cells per 1 liter, for men - 4-5,1 ^ 12 cells per 1 liter, for children - 3.6-6.6 * 12 cells per 1 liter of matter of age.

Why lowered red blood cells?

Downward pressure levels can cause excessive bleeding in trauma, gastric, colon cancer, and menstruation in women. Also among the causes of iron deficiency is released, vitamin B12 and excessive water consumption.

Why increased red blood cells?

Raising standards to become the cause of increasing the density of the blood, which triggers the development of many diseases. The main reason can be dehydrated induced vomiting, diarrhea, enhanced physical exertion, heat and fever. Evidence of increased levels may be headache, nosebleed, flushing and dizziness.

Sometimes it is possible to suspect a problem with the kidneys, heart, lungs, and hormonal disorders.

Total leukocytes

Leukocytes - white blood cells that have multiple subtypes with different functions. Their main purpose is to protect the body.

Normal leukocytes age

For men and women leukocytes same rate and in the range of 4-9 × 109 units per 1 l. For newborns rate is 8,5-24,5 * 109 units per liter, with age, gradually declining to that of an adult.

Why increased white blood cells?

Increasing the level of leucocytes it may be caused by natural and pathological causes.

The natural causes include:

• failure to comply with the recommendations of the patient, namely meal before donating blood;
• engaged in active sport;
• constant stress;
• overcooling or overheating of the body;
• pregnancy;
• premenstrual period.

Worried about natural causes is not worth a serious need to treat pathological:

• infectious diseases of various nature;
• the development of inflammatory processes;
• trauma;
• radiation sickness;
• consequence of medications;
• oncological diseases;
• bleeding.

Why lowered white blood cells?

Reduced levels of white blood cells is dangerous because the human immune system is more susceptible to internal and external pathogens.

Reason for the decrease may be the following factors:

• Bone marrow pathology caused by congenital factors or tumor;
• the effects of chemotherapy;
• side effects of medications;
• HIV or AIDS;
• viral and bacterial infections;
• lack of certain vitamins and minerals;
• prolonged exposure to chemical vapors or aerosols;

hematocrit

Hematocrit - is the ratio of red blood cells to the blood volume.

Norma hematocrit age

The normal rate for men should range from 44 to 48%, women - 36-42%. Rate in children can normally reach 68%.

Why elevated hematocrit?

Increasing the amount of erythrocytes it is usually associated with excess activity of bone marrow in which they are produced.

If this problem is not observed, we can talk about dehydration caused by:

• vomiting;
• increased sweating;
• intestinal obstruction:
• diarrhea;
• peritonitis.

Why reduced hematocrit?

The reasons for lowering can be:

• bleeding;
• violation of bone marrow;
• pregnancy;
• The overabundance of water in the body;
• anemia.

wbc

Wbc - a measure of the ratio of different types of leukocytes.

Types of leukocytes norm

Identify several types of white blood cells, each of which performs specific functions.

Kinds:

• Lymphocytes.
• Eosinophils.
• Monocytes.
• Neutrophils.
• Basophils.

Causes of elevated white blood cells

The reasons may be as follows:

• failure to follow the patient, namely meal before the procedure;
• excessive exercise;
• constant stress;
• overcooling or overheating of the body;
• pregnancy and menstrual period.
• infectious diseases that trigger the development of inflammatory processes;
• trauma and bleeding
• effects of medications;
• oncological diseases.

Causes of low white blood cells

Reason for the decrease may be:

• bone marrow diseases;
• the effects of chemotherapy;
• taking certain medicines;
• Infectious diseases reduce immunity;
• lack of certain vitamins, copper, and other elements;
• effects on the chemical substances.

What is shift leukocyte left and right?

In the process of the immune system mature white blood cells die first (segmented neutrophils), which are produced to replace the new (band neutrophils). It is the ratio of new to old cells called shift. Given this figure can be assessed whether there is any inflammation in the body and at what stage it is.

neutrophils

Neutrophils - absorb bacteria and allocate antibacterial agent. There are two types - segmented and stab.

neutrophil norm for age

segmented rate is 47-72% of the total volume of leukocytes, stab - 1-6%.

Why increased neutrophils?

The reason may be a slight inflammation of the local nature.

Why reduced neutrophils?

The reason may be:

• infectious lesion;
• blood diseases;
• increased secretion of the thyroid gland;
• effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy;
• antibiotics and other medicines.

eosinophils

Eosinophils - are responsible for the protection of human parasites

eosinophils norm for age

Average percentage of leukocytes in the structure is from 0.5% to 5%

Why increased eosinophils?

Increase may be due to the development of:

• leukemia;
• tuberculosis;
• rheumatism;
• vascular dystonia;
• hypothyroidism.

Why reduced eosinophils?

Main reasons:

• poisoning by heavy metals;
• the development purulent processes;
• the development of inflammation.

monocytes

Monocytes - absorb foreign bodies and contribute to the restoration of normal cells.

Norms of blood monocytes in children and adults

Normal monocytes in blood is from 3% to 11% of the total leukocytes.

Reasons for increase monocyte (monocytosis)

Most often increase causes are:

• leukemia;
• tumor;
• infectious lesion;
• after eating and exercise;
• operation.

Reasons for the decline of monocytes (monotsitopeniya)

The main reasons monocytosis:

• anemia;
• leukemia;
• surgical intervention;
• purulent inflammation;

basophils

Basophils - are responsible for the transportation of other types of leukocytes to the site of exposure to harmful organisms.

Norma blood basophils

The percentage may be 0-1%.

Reasons for increasing blood basophils

The reason for raising can be any inflammatory processes.

The reasons for lowering the levels of basophils

Basophils are almost completely absent, that is considered the norm.

lymphocytes

Lymphocytes - are designed to protect the body from foreign bodies and cancerous cells.

Norm of lymphocytes by age

In the normal state the number of lymphocytes of the organism is 19-37%.

Reasons for the increase of lymphocytes (lymphocytosis)

The number of lymphocytes increases in the following cases:

• defeat organism infection;
• infestation;
• malignancies;

Reasons for decrease of lymphocytes (lymphopenia)

The main reason for the decrease:

• tuberculosis;
• Hiv and Aids;
• lupus erythematosus;
• kidney disease;
• the effects of chemotherapy;
• malignancies;
• anemia.

platelets

Platelets - blood cells, which are designed to stop the bleeding. They are sent to a zone of vascular injury, there forms thrombus.

Norma blood platelets

In the normal state the amount per liter of blood cells should be 180-400 × 109 units, both men and women.

Why increased platelets?

Increase in platelet count may increase your risk of blood clots, so it is best to monitor performance and to bring them back to normal.

Reasons for the increase are:

• excessive physical stress;
• an increase of adrenaline;
• pregnancy;
• an infectious lesion, and the development of inflammatory processes;
• surgical intervention;
• oncology;
• taking certain medicines;
• anemia.

Why platelets dropped?

To platelet levels drop may cause:

• leukemia;
• alcohol abuse;
• vitamin B12 deficiency;
• taking medication;
• intoxication.

ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate

ESR - an indicator that indicates the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and gluing them.

ESR norms age

ESR value for men and women younger than 50 years, must be 15 and 20 mm / h, respectively. For women older than 50 years the rate is 30 mm / hour, for men - 00 mm / hour or less.

Why elevated ESR?

To increase this figure may cause the following reasons:

• oncology;
• kidney disease;
• rheumatism;
• pregnancy;
• viral and bacterial infections;
• vascular inflammation.

Why reduced ESR?

Typically, a low reading is associated with:

• liver pathologies;
• anemia;
• receiving medicament;
• pregnancy;
• the period of menstruation in women.

The blood test is one of the most effective methods for primary diagnosis. Even if correctly decipher the overall analysis, it is possible to accurately determine the cause of the change of state of health.

Registration of the article: Mila Friedan

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