Substances affecting the functioning of the central nervous system, which lead to the transformation mental state, a change in consciousness, are called psychostimulants (rare in OTC).
The content of the article:
- 1 Classification
-
2 Indications and mechanism of action
- 2.1 ADHD
- 2.2 sleeping disease
- 2.3 Depression
- 2.4 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
- 2.5 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- 2.6 Obesity
- 3 The consequences of stimulant abuse
-
4 List of non-prescription stimulants in 2019
- 4.1 For children
- 4.2 adult
- 5 Video of psychostimulants
Classification
The spectrum of action of psychotropic substances, except nervous activation function of the body, also includes a recovery of physical strength.
The principle of action of drugs is based on the factors:
- stimulation of higher mental functions (slozhnoorganizovannyh psychophysiological processes);
- accelerate the processes of thinking and cognitive activity of man;
- relieving fatigue, lethargy, drowsiness;
- raising efficiency;
- revitalizing sociability level;
- improve mood and emotional background;
- normalization capabilities to the perception of external irritants, that is to influence the organs of smell, hearing, sight;
- driving motor tone muscle activity;
- the establishment of coordination process, ie coordination of activity of muscles of the body;
- add physical strength and endurance.
The group of psychotropic agents includes drugs medicaments public means (coffee, tea, cigarettes, 'Coca-cola »,« Pepsi ») and drugs (Cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine), capable to cause addiction - a condition which is characterized by craving for use substances.
There are 4 groups of psychotropic medication dosage:
- A number of amphetamine comprising amphetamine, methylphenidate, pemoline (not registered in the Russian Federation).
- sydnonimine line includes active substances mesocarb, feprosidnine.
- Caffeine number.
- Substances from other pharmacological groups, which have psychostimulant effect (salbutiamin, cinnarizine, ipidacrine, piracetam, fenilpiratsetam).
By pharmacological ranks fourth group are subclasses of drugs that have a stimulating effect:
- antidepressants - medicines used for the treatment of depression;
- nootropics - medicines that affect the higher mental functions;
- adaptogens - means of enhancing the body's resistance to a wide range of harmful effects of physical, chemical and biological nature (ginseng, Eleutherococcus, Pantocrinum).
Effect of amphetamine on the human body is based on the release of neurotransmitters, providing chemical transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system, in conjunction with the processes slowing their return capture.
Caffeine inhibits excitation of the central nervous system.
The action of the substance is observed in the aspects of:
- removing fatigue;
- increasing vigor, vitality;
- raise physical strength;
- improvement of mental abilities (memory, attention, thinking process).
The strongest therapeutic efficacy is expressed in a number of amphetamines, the least weak - the drugs belonging to the fourth group of substances.
This range of medicines designed for the treatment of disorders of the brain functioning, resulting in injuries of the skull, transferring infectious diseases and ischaemias encephalopathies of various origins, cerebrovascular insufficiency, i.e. organic damages of the central the nervous system.
Indications and mechanism of action
Psychostimulants without prescription in pharmacies presented in a limited number relating to a group of 4.
The role of active substances consists in the release of physiologically active cells, which perform assignment of chemical mediators of nerve fibers in interactions with body tissues. Mechanism of effect means indirectly involved in the metabolic stimulation (exchange) processes in the body.
As a result of chemical reactions under the action of psychostimulants is amplified excitation in the cerebral cortex.
Different groups of substances are characterized by the individual mechanisms of action. Caffeine has braking ability group phosphodiesterase activity of enzymes which destroy the cell barriers that results in the accumulation of biologically active substances in cells and tissues, and the appearance of adrenalin effect.
Mesocarb and feprosidnine have mechanism of action which is associated with the release of noradrenaline from nerve endings and running appropriate processes.
The scope of application of several drugs is psychiatry for the treatment of:
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD);
- drug and alcohol abuse;
- schizophrenia;
- depression and neurotic disorders;
- asthenic conditions;
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS);
- obesity.
ADHD
US sanitary supervision over the quality of food and medicines encourages the use of psychotropic drugs in treatment of attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity.
Typically, a diagnosis is assigned dexamphetamine and methylphenidate, as the substances are the most studied and tested for use on children.
Evidence of efficacy of the substances are more than 170 studies which have resulted in It revealed that about 75% of children with ADHD, psychoactive substance had moderate or severe medical act. Very often prescribed stimulants (90%) in the 90-ies. last century in the treatment of ADHD in the United States.
The use of methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in the treatment of the disease so far has no clinical evidence of effectiveness. In Russia for pathology correction sparing agent appointed number of nootropics (Cortexin, gamma-aminobutyric acid), without a prescription.
sleeping disease
Stimulants used in the treatment of drug addiction and alcoholism with the objectives to eliminate the symptoms of daytime sleepiness and sleep adjustment points.
In this case, the impact of medication is in the aspects of:
- reduce feelings of powerlessness;
- increasing vigor;
- raising the physical energy and mental abilities.
With drugs can achieve reduction of frequency of occurrence of adverse events from taking tranquilizers, antipsychotics and hypnotic agents. In the non-prescription treatment regimens are often based drugs piracetam, gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Depression
In some cases, stimulants are used for indications not approved in the state control bodies, which are not mentioned in the operating instructions for the treatment of clinical depression and bipolar disorder - mental disorders that manifest themselves in the form of affective states with alternating manic and depressive or mixed processes.
Also serve as agents for the treatment of atypical depression - a disorder in which the typical symptoms of the disease are combined with specific symptoms (increased appetite, weight gain, increased sleepiness, emotional disorders as anxiety and despair).
Carried out by means of psychotropic drugs and treatment-refractory or refractory depression, which is distinguished by the human body resistance to the appointed treatment of psychotropic substances, ie, the patient does not respond to at least 2 adequate course of therapy with antidepressant drugs of different pharmacological groups.
The term "adequate treatment" means the administration of medications appropriate clinical sign of disease using desired range and their dosages to the maximum capacity subject timing duration of therapy courses (at least 3-4 weeks).
Psychostimulants OTC can only alleviate the symptoms of mild depression, caused by frequent stressful situations and emotional experiences. The substances included in the number of antidepressants (citicoline, piracetam, cinnarizine).
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Symptoms of schizophrenia - a mental disorder characterized by disintegration of thought processes and of emotional reactions, using amphetamine smoothed out, but do not disappear fully.
According to the recommendations of Academician AT. Snezhnevsky, stimulants are used in schizotypal disorder, which is characterized by an eccentric (not understandable) behavior, disorders of thought and emotion, not suitable for diagnostic data for diagnosis schizophrenia.
The complex of symptoms must be present:
- apathy (indifference, detachment);
- lethargy;
- reduction initiative qualities;
- difficulty with the process of focussing and concentration;
- elevated levels of fatigue.
In addition, medications are assigned in schizophrenia remission period, i.e. in the chronic form at the time the attenuation or disappearance of symptoms.
The therapy of schizophrenia psychostimulants asthenic type with a negative psychopathological syndrome, which It is expressed in the reduction of neural activity, as well as the inability to perceive new information and to use the acquired Knowledge.
In patients suffering from schizophrenia, and in a state of remission, reveals a number of pharmacological mild stimulating effect.
Lowering the dosage of drugs used to eliminate feelings of weakness, the provision of sedation in patients under the influence of drugs. With soothing purposes assigned antidepressants (cinnarizine, piracetam).
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Patients who develop abnormal mental states against the background of transferring HIV, non-communicable heavy diseases, cancer, tumors, suffer from the symptoms of neurosis (lethargy, weakness, depression, difficulties in the beginning of the test movements). High efficiency in the treatment of these patients showed a group of products from a number of methylphenidate.
There is a theory that using medications increase cognitive function and energy potential in people suffering from AIDS. Raise the body's defenses in this case help adaptogens (ginseng, fenilpiratsetam).
Obesity
Used psychoactive substance in therapy of obesity (adipose tissue deposition processes and increase body weight), which is regarded as a chronic metabolic diseases that occur at any age.
In a civilized world society frequency of meetings of the disease increases sharply against the background of the lack of hereditary factors through a stressful situation is not favorable, a variety of fast food and a sedentary way of life person. Negative processes developing in the body due to the emergence of an imbalance between absorption and energy costs.
In the US, for the treatment of obesity appointed methamphetamine dezoksin. Psychostimulants OTC in Russia used a number of antidepressants and adaptogens (fenilpiratsetam).
The consequences of stimulant abuse
The distinguishing characteristics of a number of side effects caused by frequent use of psychotropic drugs are:
- irritability;
- insomnia;
- restlessness;
- disorder of the digestive system (nausea, vomiting);
- irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia);
- painful palpitations (tachycardia);
- jumps in blood pressure.
In applying means amphetamine group may further be observed:
- loss of appetite (anorexia);
- appearance delusional and hallucinogenic states;
- appearance of drug dependence;
- development of severe neuropsychiatric disorders, psychoses, schizophrenia-like states.
Formulations reduce the effectiveness of a number of sedative drugs and enhance the action of substances having the property of stimulating the central nervous system. It prohibits the use of psychostimulants in conjunction with neuroleptics, as in this case, there is a high probability of acute schizophrenia.
Psychostimulants are not combined with MAO inhibitors (bioactive substances promoting development of monoamine oxidase enzyme).
Abuse of drugs with a number of individual goals removing the disease symptoms may lead to the pathologies of the cardiovascular system causing complications as pulmonary hypertension. With frequent use means there is a high probability of development of psychosis.
List of non-prescription stimulants in 2019
Stimulants are used in medical practice in the field of psychiatry. Medications are usually for internal use (tablets, capsules, drops), are also available for intramuscular injection.
Preparations have characteristics of good absorbability from the gastrointestinal tract and penetrate into the bloodstream. To prevent the development of insomnia means taken in the morning until 15:00.
For children
For the treatment of ADHD in US children used drugs based on the active ingredients:
- lizdeksamfetamin;
- Adderall;
- Focalin;
- deytran;
- dezoksin;
- Dexedrine;
- Metadata;
- Metelin;
- Ritalin.
Stimulants, which are listed above, is not dispensed from pharmacies OTC, they refer to the first three groups of pharmacological series. It is possible to purchase free medicines from the fourth group. The most popular name means with the indications for use, the cost of packaging in the table.
| Active substance | Name | testimony | price, rub. |
| cinnarizine | cinnarizine, stugeron |
Administered to children from 6 years:
|
57 from 174 |
| piracetam | piracetam, nootropil, Lutset |
Appointed at the age of 1 year:
|
70 225 from 78 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid | Pantogamum, Aminalon | Children between the ages of 1 year:
|
from 205 from 412 |
| Cortexin | Cortexin | Is assigned to the 1-year-old age:
|
830 |
| Cinnarizine, piracetam | Kombitropil, Omaron, Fezam |
It applies to 5 years:
|
from 119 from 143 from 272 |
adult
OTC psychostimulants prescribed for treatment of adults with mental disorders, also belong to the fourth group of pharmacological series.
The most common tools are summarized in the table below:
| Active substance | Name | testimony | price, rub. |
| ipidacrine | Neuromedin, Aksamon, Ipigriks |
|
from 1100 650 800 |
| cinnarizine | cinnarizine, stugeron |
|
from 56 from 174 |
| citicoline | Tserakson, Neypilept, Rekognan, Ceres |
|
650 from 470 from 420 from 370 |
| piracetam | piracetam, nootropil, Lutset |
|
70 225 from 78 |
| Fenilpiratsetam | Fenotropil, carphedon |
|
from 1800 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid | Aminalon, Pantogamum |
|
from 205 from 412 |
| Cortexin | Cortexin |
|
830 |
| Cinnarizine, piracetam | Kombitropil, Omaron, Fezam |
|
from 119 from 143 from 272 |
Lists of stimulants, prescription from pharmacies OTC, limited. All these drugs belong to a group of substances 4, which includes means, removes the feeling of fatigue, improves mood, but relating to other pharmacological series.
Medicaments of the first three groups of psychotropic substances are strictly prohibited commercially available.
Registration of the article: Mila Friedan
Video of psychostimulants
Psychostimulants for athletes:
