The role of protein in the human body functions. Lack and surplus of the symptoms, causes and treatment is better absorbed. Protein food

Protein is a nutrient organic plant or animal origin, necessary for growth and regeneration of cells in the human body. He plays the role of building material tissue, is in the muscles, internal organs, bones and skin. Protein regulates the whole organism, provides its nutrients.

The composition, structure proteins

The protein consists of chains of different amino acids that are joined by covalent peptide bond. The resulting formation of form macromolecules which have different length and shape. In nature, there are about 80 amino acids, from which to create an unlimited variety of compounds.

The composition formed macromolecules often includes such chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Less - sulfur and phosphorus. Each type of protein compound having a specific structure. On it you can judge a composition of matter, its form connections between components.

protein structure	Description
primary	Determines the composition and sequence of amino acids in the chain connection.
secondary	The spatial form of the polypeptide chain it shows a method of twisting due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. They can occur both within the same chain, and between other circuits.
tertiary	It represents a three-dimensional twisted spiral, which is formed and held by means of disulphide bridges.
quaternary	This compound can participate more peptide chains interconnected by hydrogen or ion bonds.

The properties of all naturally occurring proteins depend on their primary structure. It is an individual carries genetic information and stored in generations.

What is protein?

The role of protein in the human body is the organization of metabolic and physiological processes, maintain the body's immune system, the growth and development of organs, cell recovery.

The human protein synthesis involved 22 amino acids. Of these, 12 pcs. - it is essential amino acids that can be synthesized in the body.

The remaining 10 pieces. are essential, they can be prepared only from food. With their insufficient quantity a person can come exhaustion happen reduced immunity, hormonal change.

All protein compounds are divided into 2 groups:

• Complete proteins - are compounds that contain all essential amino acids.
• The composition of the defective protein is different from complete content of all essential amino acids.

value of a protein depends on its constituents. The more high-grade protein contained in it, the more it will benefit.

function of the protein in the body

The resulting synthesis, all of the protein compounds can be conditionally divided into several groups. Each of them performs its specific functions that regulate the work of the body.

The catalytic function

One of the main tasks that you perform proteins is catalytic function. By the action of biological catalysts called enzymes, an increase many times the speed of chemical reactions taking place in living cells.

Enzymes are the largest class of proteins, the amount is more than 2000. They provide all of the metabolic processes of the body.

Structure function

A certain group of proteins involved in the implementation of structural features. They are involved in the formation of cellular and extracellular structures, providing strength and elasticity of tissues.

Protein such compounds are:

• Keratin, which is found in the nails, human hair.
• Collagen, which is the basis of connective and bone tissue.
• Elastin is a component of ligaments.

Protective function

The protein has the ability to protect the human from viruses, bacteria, toxins that enter the body. The role of these compounds operate antibodies that synthesizes the immune system. They bind foreign substances, called antigens and neutralize their effects.

Other protective effect of proteins is manifested in the ability of some groups of them to blood clotting. As a result of fibrinogen and thrombin, there is a clot that prevents the individual from loss of blood.

regulatory function

A separate class of protein compounds responsible for the regulatory function. Proteins of this direction control metabolism, cell movement, its development and modification.

This is done due to the mobility of enzymes or by bonding them with other materials. Examples of such compounds are: glucagon, thyroxine, growth hormone.

target function

Signaling function of compounds based on the specific groups of proteins, which transmit various signals between cells or organs of the body. They contribute to the regulation of basic processes occurring in the body. For example, such a substance as insulin, provides the necessary level of glucose in the blood.

The interaction between a cell occurs by means of signaling protein compounds. They are the cytokines and growth factors.

transport function

This type of proteins actively involved in transportation of substances through cell membranes from one place to another. For example, the hemoglobin that is included in the erythrocyte carries oxygen from the lungs to other organs of the body, and of which sends back a carbon dioxide.

Protein Lipoprotein transports fats from the liver, insulin forwards glucose in the tissue, and creates myoglobin oxygen supply in the muscles.

Spare (backup) feature

Normally, the protein does not accumulate in the body. Exceptions are those compounds of albumin contained in the egg and kozein which is in goat milk. Also, when the breakdown of hemoglobin iron forms a complex compound with the protein, which also can be deposited in the reserve.

receptor function

This type of protein is in the cytoplasm or membrane receptors. They are able to accept, delay, transmit signals arising from external stimuli into the cell.

Examples of such compounds are:

• opsin;
• phytochrome;
• protein kinase.

Motor (motor) function

Some kinds of proteins allow the body to move. Another of their important task is to change the shapes of cells and subcellular particles. The main compounds responsible for motor function are actin and myosin.

As a result of their work, there is a contraction and relaxation of all muscles of the body, the movement of internal organs.

Norms protein in the human body

The role of the protein in the body is essential to providing the necessary nutrients the body cells. Insufficient consumption of foods that contain complete proteins, can lead to the violation of basic vital body functions.

The amount of protein consumed in food depends on the state of health, age of the person, on his activity. There are cases of individual intolerance of the substance.

adult

Since it is impossible to accumulate the protein in the body, and its overabundance can cause harm, it is required every day to eat a certain amount of protein. To do this, you need to know the daily rate of protein intake.

Scientists from different countries carried out research to establish the optimum amount of daily protein standards. These figures are at odds with each other. Russian nutritionists recommend to use 1.0 - 1.2 g - 1 kg body weight. American physicians increased this figure to 1.6 g - 1 kg weight.

It is best to use averages. In this case, an adult, which leads a sedentary life, require 1.2 - 1.3 grams of protein per day per 1 kg of body weight. If a person weighs 80 kg, then the day it should consume about 100 g protein. People engaged in physical labor, it is necessary to increase the rate of protein intake to 1.5 grams - per 1 kg of weight.

For children

Babies protein is necessary for the proper development and growth, so the need for it is much higher than that of an adult. In the very early use of the daily rate of protein is between 3 to 4 g - 1 kg weight. For school age children of this bit rate decreases, it ranges from 2 to 3 g of protein per 1 kg body weight per day.

Especially useful for children dairy products rich in complete proteins. They are well digested and easily absorbed by the young organism.

when losing weight

Many well-known diets are based on the protein diet. People who want to lose weight, you need more than introduce into your diet foods that contain protein. Daily norm protein consumption must be increased to 1.5 g - 1 kg body weight.

When health problems

Many health problems arise in people with a low protein intake. Sometimes, in order to improve their health, a person is enough to balance your diet to include in the diet more protein.

According to nutritionists differ in how much you need to eat protein to people with any disease. In liver and kidneys in order to reduce them to the load, experts recommend to reduce protein intake of 0.7 g - 1 kg weight. In any case, the necessary diet the patient should be appointed doctor individually.

for athletes

People involved in sports, a large amount of protein required for the growth of body muscles and increase strength. For them, the rate of protein consumption per day should be from 2 to 2.5 g - 1 kg body weight.

In some power sports, racing bicycle multiday rate can be increased to 3 - 3 2 g protein per 1 kg body weight.

Symptoms and causes of the lack of protein in the body

More often than not, the main reason for protein deficiency in the body is a human improper diet, eating foods with its deficient. In this case, the body does not have enough amino acids necessary for the formation of new connections. He starts to spend their own reserves, to take them out of the muscle tissue.

Another reason for protein "starvation" of a person can be serious diseases associated with increased degradation of the protein. They are: severe infectious diseases, inherited metabolic disorders, burns, kidney pathology. Mild forms of the protein shortage is usually asymptomatic.

In more severe cases the following symptoms occur:

• Man becomes prone to frequent colds.
• Do not heal any damage to the skin such as cuts, abrasions.
• The person often experiences weakness, lethargy, pain in muscles and joints.
• Due to lack of protein may be jumps in blood sugar. Because of this, a person experiences a constant feeling of hunger.
• The poor condition of hair and nails.
• There may be swelling in the legs.

If any symptoms of the above ailments should consult a doctor, so he put the correct diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

Symptoms and causes an overabundance of protein in the body

The role of protein in the human body is expressed in the organization of the basic physiological processes, ensuring vital activity of cells. This compound is an essential component of all food products.

Usually, the problems associated with excess protein, are much less common than with his disadvantage. But in the use of large amounts of foods high in its content, a person may be a protein poisoning.

Excess protein coming from food, the liver is converted to glucose and urea, which is excreted by the kidneys displayed. Prolonged use of large amounts of it can occur negative changes in the body: metabolic disease, osteoporosis, diseases of liver and kidneys.

Also cause excess protein may be congenital or acquired human diseases. In these cases, the body can not cleave specific classes of proteins, which for a long time gradually accumulate therein.

Signs of excess protein in the body are:

• Constant feeling of thirst.
• You may have problems with digestion (constipation, flatulence, diarrhea).
• Mood swings and poor health.
• Possible weight gain.
• Halitosis.
• Hormonal failure body.

Assays for protein types of surveys

In order to establish the correct diagnosis doctor prescribes the patient appointment of passing the necessary tests. The deviation from the norm of a figure can be seen on the existing deficiencies in the body.

The most common of these are tests for protein, which investigates and reveals the level of its content in the body. The material for this is usually a blood and urine.

Biochemistry

Biochemical analysis of blood to determine its content of albumin and C-reactive protein. This result provides information on the kidney, liver, pancreas, of metabolic processes in the body.

Average total protein content in blood is 6 - 8.3 g / dL. If necessary, your doctor may prescribe additional tests to find out which specific protein is released from the norm. Increased protein may be an indication of dehydration. Reduced rate of total protein may serve as an indicator of liver or kidney disease.

Simple urine test

Urinalysis determines the protein content in it. For this study used a morning urine sample. In a healthy human protein should not be in the urine. A small amount of its contents - to 0.033 g / l.

Exceeding this figure indicates about inflammatory processes occurring in the body. It can also sign of chronic kidney disease.

Analysis of urine

Analysis of total protein in urine is more expanded and provides a measure of the patient's disease. This method determines the low molecular weight and specific proteins that are not detected in the simple analysis. The loss of large amounts of protein in the urine leads to internal and external body and edema may be indicative of renal insufficiency.

With this method of research used daily urine which the patient collects during the day. Keep it should be refrigerated at a temperature of from +2 to +8 degrees.

protein deficiency treatment

protein deficiency treatment the patient necessarily carried out under the supervision of a physician.

Usually it is held simultaneously in two directions:

1. Replenishment of protein desired volume in the body, normalization of its exchange. To do this, a diet rich in protein.
2. Drug treatment of the disease.

Treatment of protein oversupply

It required primarily to adjust the diet, reducing the use of high content of its products for the treatment of excess protein. Since excess protein violates the acid-base balance of the body, it should eat fruits and vegetables rich in potassium potatoes, apricots, peaches, grapes, prunes.

These products basified body and reduced pH factor.

In addition, the doctor prescribes medication preparations containing enzymes. They help the splitting of protein compounds accumulated by the body.

Sources of animal protein

The role of protein in the human body is indispensable, because it is the main substance that gives the body the power, the energy involved in the renewal of cells. This connection helps a person to resist disease, an active lifestyle.

The main source of complete protein are foods of animal origin. One of them is milk. 100 g of the beverage is important about 3 grams protein, which contains the correct combination of amino acids necessary for human.

Many dairy products indicated the presence of methionine - an amino acid that ensures the normal functioning of the liver. Much protein is contained in the low-fat cottage cheese. 100 g of the product accounted for about 18 g of protein. The meat has a high content of valuable protein indicator. Depending on the grade, 100 g of the product it is from 20 g to 30 g.

The protein value of fish and seafood is not inferior to meat. In this case the product is easier to digest. Most protein found in tuna, halibut: 100 g of the product it has to be from 20 g to '28 In eggs the valuable amino acid composition. In one chicken egg contains about 12 grams of protein, the yolk in its 2 times greater than the protein.

Sources of vegetable protein

Additional sources of protein in the human diet are: legumes, vegetables, fruits and nuts. The only plant, which contains a complete protein - it is soy. It regularly eat vegetarians or people who lead a healthy lifestyle.

The main products of vegetable origin and content of protein:

Product	Protein, g - 100 g product
soybean	35 – 40
lentil	24
Pumpkin seeds	20
nuts	20 – 25
tofu	20
Soy milk	3
Green pea	5
Broccoli	3
Spinach	3
Cocoa powder	24
Dried fruits	3 – 5
Buckwheat	10 – 12
beans	6 – 10

Proper protein nutrition for the body

For a balanced diet, maintaining all the internal systems of the body, a person must take a sufficient amount of protein, fat and carbohydrates. Complete elimination of one of the components of the diet can lead to irreversible processes.

For proper nutrition nutritionist requested to adhere to the following relation of substances: proteins should make up about 30% of the daily diet, fat - 30% carbohydrates - 40%. In this case, it is desirable that about 60% of the daily protein intake is complete proteins.

When calculating the necessary amount of protein should be taken into account that part of it is destroyed by heat treatment. In products of vegetable origin proteins digested by 60% and the animal - to 90%.

Features of protein nutrition for muscle growth

In any intense sports importance is the increase in lean body mass, increase endurance. This is achieved by training and reinforced special nutrition, which are used when products with a high protein content.

It would be best if the protein food menu will be a doctor or a trainer athlete. It is important to correctly calculate the protein diet, calories, carbohydrates and fats.

The protein diet athlete should include: low fat dairy products, lean meats, boiled egg whites, low-fat sea fish. Nutrition should be a fraction - 5 times a day. After an intense workout is recommended to take a protein shake.

During the muscle set percentage of biological substances include 70% - protein 30% - fats and carbohydrates. The maximum duration of a protein diet should be not more than 1 month. The longer this time, its use can harm the body.

Features of protein nutrition, wishing to lose weight

People who want to reduce their weight, it is recommended to eat foods rich in protein. This will gradually, without harm to your health to get rid of extra kilos.

Protein products compared to carbohydrate have a lower glycemic index, thereby reducing blood sugar levels and release large amounts of insulin. If ingested, the body spends more time for digestion. As a result, people no longer feel hunger, it decreases appetite, craving for a different snack.

In use, a food rich in protein, in human metabolism is improved. In this case the body consumes larger amounts of calories that are spent on maintaining and muscle power. All this leads to weight loss.

For the gradual weight loss in the daily diet should adhere to the following proportion of used substances: proteins should be 50% fat - 30%, carbohydrate - 20%. Recommended after 18:00 only eat protein foods.

The role played by the protein in the human body, can not be overestimated. Its deficiency leads to health problems, decreased activity and vitality. The overabundance of the protein also is harmful to humans. To avoid this, it is important to choose the best diet in which the body will be provided with all necessary materials.

Registration of the article: Lozinski Oleg

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