Arterial bleeding. Signs, first aid, why there is, what is characterized. Video medical advice

Arterial bleeding has a number of distinguishing features, which are expressed in the color shade blood, its flow rate from the damaged vessel, as well as the development of oxygen starvation in the organs and tissues.

This type of bleeding is one of the most dangerous to human life and health, as in the absence of medical or first aid may attack death.

What is arterial bleeding

Arterial hemorrhage - a pathological condition of individual body parts, tissues or the internal organs, the main feature of which is the rapid loss of blood, oxygenated.

It arises as a result of damage to the main vessel walls. The nature of the origin of the pathology can be very diverse, ranging from mechanical injuries, shock, congenital anomalies of vascular development, ending the consequences of surgery.

What is arterial bleeding

Depending on the impact of any external and internal factors influence the opening of arterial bleeding, it is isolated following types, which are described in detail below.

arterial bleeding Type	Characteristic pathological condition of the cardiovascular system
traumatic	It opens after mechanical damage occurs, the impact force which considerably exceeds the strength of the arterial vascular wall. According to clinical manifestations may differ by the presence of an artery torn areas that are difficult to recover. Is most common in people involved in the accident, survived a gunshot or stab wound, had fallen from a great height.
pathological	It develops as a complication of an existing diseases of internal organs, tissues, hematopoietic and cardiovascular system. In most cases, pathological type blood bleeding at the slightest impact occurs on the great vessels. For example, hemophiliacs can open arterial bleeding pathological type impact or even a slight injury.
blended	It occurs as a result of deep wounds with damage to internal organs and large tissue areas. Characterized by the fact that simultaneously with arterial bleeding, there is an abundant loss of venous and capillary blood. Hard amenable to surgical and medical treatment, as a doctor in a short period of time is necessary to stop the damaged arterial and venous vessels.
parenchymal	It occurs at wound viscera which have parenchymal and cavernous tissue type. These include the kidneys, lungs, liver, and pancreas. The main danger arterial bleeding of this type is that after injury main vessel is not reduced and is not compressed in the depth of tissue. He continues to bleed, and through the cavernous structure of the parenchyma there is a rapid and profuse blood loss. Mortality is at 70% with parenchymal arterial bleeding.
external	This type of bleeding is characterized by the fact that the wound in a human patient is exposed. Selection is blood on the skin surface, and the damaged vessel is located deep in the tissue dissection.
internal	It occurs at break large arterial vessels, which are arranged inside the extremities, abdominal cavity and internal organs. Pathology is dangerous for the patient's life, as to eliminate the source of bleeding is required surgery.

Arterial bleeding, signs of which are set by external examination of an open wound, determined by the doctor in the first few seconds after the patient's admission to the emergency department. At the same time expert classifies the type of pathological condition of the main vessel. Based on this formed tactic patient treatment.

The symptoms of arterial bleeding

Arterial bleeding, signs of which have a number of distinctive features, It has the following clinical manifestations of a picture:

• blood in the area of ​​wound damage is light red or scarlet hue, which is caused increased molecular oxygen content;
• attempts to clamp the damaged area of ​​the vascular system, to prevent further bleeding, do not bring a positive effect;
• blood coagulation is too low, the amount of body's own platelets is insufficient to arrest the damaged artery;
• blood from a wound at high pressure is released, spurting up to 1-2 meters;
• by visual inspection of an open wound will be found that in the depth of the damaged tissue is the main vessel wall integrity is compromised;
• the patient feels dizzy, is rapidly growing muscle weakness;
• It felt numbness tissue damage in the blood vessel.

The earlier established arterial bleeding symptoms, the more likely the patient will receive the first emergency aid, which must be provided to him before the arrival of the ambulance. This minimizes the risk of serious complications, and prevent the onset of death.

The causes of arterial bleeding

Arterial bleeding, signs of which can not occur without the influence of a number of pathological factors may develop suddenly be a consequence of this disease, or the result of injury.

There are the following reasons for bleeding from major vessels:

• cutlery or gunshot wounds limbs, chest, neck or abdomen;
• ruptured blood vessels supplying the tissue of internal organs (acquired and congenital disease, clinical manifestations which is the weakness of arterial walls, impaired its integrity as a result of a static exposure, strokes);
• accidents in the home and at work, as a result of working with plumbing, cutting, grinding tool, or same equipment and machinery, which are a source of danger, there was a soft tissue injury with a break Blood vessel;
• open fractures, which led to the displacement of the rupture lies near the arteries;
• polytrauma resulting from accidents, falls from a great height;
• Related diseases of the hematopoietic system, resulting in vessels which are in deficit platelets, and can not timely to stop internal bleeding resulting from damage arteries;
• postoperative complications if surgery was performed not qualitatively, allowed medical error, which led to the discovery of arterial bleeding.

Establishing the causes of the pathological condition of the vascular system, allows the physician to quickly eliminate blood loss and minimize the risk of recurrence. This primarily concerns the clinical cases when oxygenated blood loss associated with the presence of vascular related diseases.

Diagnosis of arterial bleeding

Arterial bleeding, signs of being easily determined by visual examination, must be stopped in the first 1-2 min. after its opening.

In case of need, when the injured person taken to the emergency department of the hospital, the following diagnostic methods are used:

• an external examination of the wound surface and detection of vessel walls which have obvious signs of damage;
• Ultrasound diagnosis abdomen, chest or lower abdomen, if there is suspicion of internal bleeding;
• clinical analysis of capillary blood on the basis of which is determined by hemoglobin level;
• chest X-ray, if the arterial bleeding developed in bronchopulmonary tissue location;
• study of the composition of feces for the presence in their structure of the blood of impurities;
• measurement of blood pressure, which, when profuse bleeding rapidly falls below the norm of 80 to 120 units of the tonometer.

In most cases, visual inspection of the wound surface, from which the copious blood. If the patient has an internal bleeding, MRI may be required in addition to ultrasound and X-ray diagnostics.

First aid for arterial bleeding

In order to minimize the likelihood of abundant blood loss and the onset of death of the victim, it is necessary to know the basic plan for the provision of first aid actions.

If at the time of injury, not around people who can help stop the bleeding, then you need to take the following actions:

1. Raise the injured limb upward to reduce the pressure within the vessels.
2. Apply to the wound surface of the hemostatic bandage impregnated wipes, solutions that provide rapid blood clotting (medicines of this group should be in the medicine cabinet and production departments Car).
3. Take the tourniquet and independently to fix it at a height of 5-10 cm from the resulting injuries.
4. Tighten the harness much as possible, and then write on the clean skin of the exact time when it was constricted limb.
5. Call an ambulance, holding the injured part of the body (hands, feet) above heart level.

If there is damage to the artery, which is situated on the neck, thigh or axillary sinus, it is necessary to impose hemostatic bandage and secure place his hands the blood pulsing fingers tightly clutching the ruined vessel to muscle tissue or bone.

In the case where it is necessary to provide first aid to a person who has revealed arterial bleeding, you need to proceed as follows:

1. Put the patient in a horizontal position, placing a pillow under his head.
2. Clamp open wound hemostatic bandage, and if the funds are not available, then use a clean cloth.
3. Drag the injured limb tourniquet at a distance of 5-10 cm from the wound, or the belt, if there is no special adaptations for stop blood loss (on the forehead of the patient to write large numbers during tourniquet as a paper note may be lost in the road).
4. Pressure to the pulsation of the blood, in order to minimize its loss.
5. Call an ambulance.
6. Process skin surface disposed in circumferentially wound, or iodine Yodditserina to minimize the probability of getting a bacterial infection.
7. Do not attempt to open with the help of the hands, unprotected sterile gloves, remove from the wound glass particles, rust or any other debris.
8. Do not wash the open wound from which follows the arterial blood, running water or any other liquid, as this will only aggravate the patient's condition.

Not allowed tug injured limb wire, fishing line, thin rope and other things that have a narrow base. This can lead to further damage to the blood vessel and the amputation of the affected arm or leg.

The wider the harness or belt, the easier it is to stop the bleeding, without the risk of losing a limb. In winter, a tourniquet is applied no more than 30 min., And in the summer for 1 hour. For children, these ratios should be divided in two. Otherwise constricted artery ischemia develops, there is the death of cells and tissues that remained without a blood supply.

When to see a doctor

The presence of arterial bleeding is the reason for the mandatory reference to the doctor-surgeon. Even if a small vessel damage, you still need to visit the doctor said profile.

In most cases, disruption of the artery shown great loss of blood, so the patient delivered to the Department of Surgery ambulance or as a matter of urgency to bring private car.

Providing first premedical aid allows only for a while to stop the bleeding. Complete relief of outflow of arterial blood from the cardiovascular system is possible only through surgery.

If damaged carotid, shoulder, hip artery must perform stitching or immobilization of the vessel for a few minutes. Otherwise, a person can die from blood loss.

Prevention of arterial bleeding

Prevent the opening of arterial bleeding is possible, but you need to remember on a daily basis and to follow the simple rules of prevention, which include the following actions:

• not violate health and safety regulations when working high-risk, which involve the use of cutting, sharps;
• avoid potential conflicts, where there is a risk of fire or knife wound;
• not violate the rules of the road, it does not become the cause of an accident with injuries and the opening of arterial bleeding;
• monitor the state of health of the cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems;
• undergo regular preventive medical examination (at least 1 time per year);
• prevent the chronic diseases of internal organs and blood vessels.

These are simple rules that will help preserve the health of not only the large main vessels, but will secure a person from receiving other injuries of the body.

This is especially true of motorists, athletes, workers of production departments involved in the execution of works with high risk (metal cutting, work on drilling, grinding, of rolling, cutting machines).

Methods of treatment of arterial bleeding

Treatment of bleeding arterial vessels is damaged soonest closing body portion. In the treatment medications, pharmacological properties may be used which is to stimulate increased blood clotting, as well as vitamin-mineral complexes.

The latter type of medications introduced into the patient's body during rehabilitation to restore the vitality after profuse bleeding.

Medications

Medicines only in the first few minutes are used for arterial bleeding when the patient is ready for surgery. To do this, apply hemostatic wipes "Koleteks".

They impregnated haemostatic composition antiseptic solutions and that operate from the first seconds of application. As soon as the patient arrives in the emergency department, performed plugging the wound surface, and location area directly damaged arterial vessel via haemostatic napkins.

First blood clot begins to form already at 40 seconds. after knocking wounds. Spouted arterial bleeding stops for 3 minutes. after a heavy tamponade. Thereafter, the patient receives a full surgical care. The average cost of hemostatic wipes Koleteks - 120-150 rub. 1 pcs.

After you have made all the actions aimed at eliminating bleeding, therapeutic manipulations are carried out to restore the body and prevention of hemorrhagic shock.

To this end, the following drugs may be used:

• svezhevymorozhennaya plasma and albumin - intravenously administered by intravenous formulation;
• saline supplemented with glucose 5% concentration - put an intravenous drip;
• transfusion of compatible blood donors;
• Dopamine, Adrenaline and Noradrenaline - vasoconstrictor drugs which are shown to enter the bloodstream immediately after completing the operation to stabilize blood pressure;
• Trental, Heparin, Kurantil - drugs that improve the rheological properties of the blood cells, which is very important for their deficiency after hemorrhage.

The dosage of the above drugs and blood products, and the duration of administration is determined exclusively by a surgeon or hematologist.

In this case, the treatment regimen is being developed on an individual basis on the basis of which the volume of arterial blood was lost. Take into account the current state of the patient, blood pressure parameters, comorbidities, and the patient's age.

Traditional methods

Arterial bleeding is too serious vascular disease. Therefore, traditional medicines in this case is not effective. It is not recommended to use the recipes of alternative medicine to stop arterial bleeding, as this may lead to an early onset of death.

Other methods

Medications are an auxiliary means stopping arterial bleeding. The main therapeutic method of restoring the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system is to carry out a surgical operation.

It is executed as follows:

1. After pre-plugging haemostatic wound surface means transporting the patient in the operating room.
2. The anesthesiologist introduces a local anesthetic in an open wound location.
3. Operating doctor with a surgical clamp stops the destroyed area of ​​the artery.
4. Crosslinking is performed damaged portion of the main vessel.
5. Performed soft tissue treatment antiseptic solutions.
6. The open surface wound is sutured using sterile suture.

Upon completion of the surgical procedures the patient is transferred to 3 days in the intensive care unit, where He is receiving treatment with medicines and blood products to prevent the onset of hemorrhagic shock. After this time, if there are no complications, the patient undergoes a further reduction in the general ward.

possible complications

In case of untimely rendered first aid, properly tourniquet, or else of an error on the part of the surgeon, may develop the following complications:

• ischemia damaged artery, which excludes its recovery by surgical intervention, results in the removal and installation of the artificial vessel;
• amputation of a limb that has been constricted too tight for a longer period of time than is necessary for medical reasons;
• necrosis of soft tissues, as well as part of the internal organs, which were left without food arterial blood;
• loss of consciousness and the onset of coma;
• critical reduction in blood pressure;
• onset of hemorrhagic shock caused by heavy loss of blood;
• fatal outcome.

To prevent the development of severe complications caused by arterial bleeding, you must attempt to stop it after the first detection of a violation of integrity the main vessel.

This type of bleeding is one of the most dangerous, the opening of which can lead to death of the patient within a few minutes. It is therefore important to know the rules of first aid, to be able to apply them in practice, and do not forget about fixing the exact time when the tourniquet was applied.

Registration of the article: Mila Friedan

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