The muscles of the upper and lower extremities. Table name and function, anatomy, physiological structure of the human

Freedom of movement and a great variety of functions of hands and feet of the person providing the muscle. Human skeleton with many vessels, nerves and bones attached to the muscle fibers, supports mobility and ability to move in the vertical position.

Structural features of the upper and lower extremities

The muscles of the upper and lower limbs have a number of features: the ability to shrink, creating movement and stop them. The upper extremity of the body is a functional unit. It consists of 3 parts: the shoulder, forearm and extends from the shoulder joint to the fingers, contains 30 bones.

Limbs are composed of a lot of nerves, blood vessels and muscles. Nerves hands are one of 2 major nerve plexus of the human body that is called the brachial plexus. The legs consist of 3 departments: thigh, calf, foot. To ensure maximum mobility of the leg are connected to each other large joints: the hip, knee and ankle.

physiology of muscles

Small permanent changes in skeletal muscle needed to keep the weight of the upright. They prevent excessive movement of the bones and joints, supporting the stability of the skeleton kupiruya damage or deformation of the skeletal structure. Coordinate muscle homeostasis in the body, releasing heat. This is done by ATP destruction.

According to the structure are the following muscles:

• striated;
• smooth;
• heart.

Physiology is manifested in a number of features:

• excitability;
• low conductivity;
• refractory;
• lability;
• contractility;
• unstable membrane potential;
• automatic spontaneous activity;
• reduction in response to stretching;
• plasticity;
• high sensitivity in response to the chemical substance;

Anatomy of leg muscles

The muscles of the upper and lower limbs can be divided into the following groups:

• pelvis;
• hip;
• shin;
• foot;
• shoulder;
• forearm;
• brush;
• shoulder girdle.

In its structure, they all have a smooth cross-structure. Muscle mass lower limbs more powerful, blending smoothly into the tendon is fixed to the bone.

pelvic muscles

This group of muscles affects the motion in the pelvic region. Work in the hip joint occurs like the shoulder joint, but because of the increased requirements for the range of possible amplitudes weight decreases.

muscles:

• Gluteus Maximus - shapes the buttocks. Mounted on the rear of the coccyx, gluteal surface of the ilium up to the femur in the region of the gluteal tuberosity. It helps to perform rotational movements. Using only occurs if the power generation, for example, when climbing.
• Gluteus Medius - it has a fan-shaped appearance, is located between the gluteal muscles of the back of the pelvis to the femur near the tip of the greater trochanter. Gluteus Medius function is similar to the Gluteus Maximus. Action: hip abduction and medial rotation, the fixation of the pelvis during walking.
• Gluteus Minimus - the deepest and among the smallest superficial gluteal muscles, perform the functions like Gluteus Medius. Secured from the pelvis to the femur near the anterolateral surface of the greater trochanter. Commits acts Gluteus Medius, tilts the pelvis, respectively, the position of the body.
• psoas major - is located deep in the back, near the midline, directly adjacent to the spine. Attachment: on the base of the spine to the femur. Provides the deflection in the joints of the pelvis.
• psoas minor -fiksiruetsya from XII and I breast lumbar vertebrae to the iliac-pubic articulation. Powered by spinal flexion, maintaining the lordosis in the spine in the lumbar spine.
• Iliacus -prostilaetsya from the base of the spine and the pelvis combined with psoas muscle to the femur. It helps fold hip joint.
  
• Iliopsoas - located on the inner surface of the basin, from the group of lumbar muscles to the lesser trochanter of the femur. Determines the mobility of the spine in the lower back.

Group lateral rotators

This group of muscles, in accordance with its name, rotates the hip joint in the pelvic area.

All the muscles of the rotator subgroups have their origin in the pelvis:

• piriformis;
• obturatorius internus;
• obturatorius externus;
• gemellus inferior et superior;
• tensor fasciae latae;
• guadratus Femoris.

2 last muscles perform additional actions by stretching the hips, bend at the joint and the knee.

hip muscles

Thigh muscles that are responsible for bringing mobility in the joints of the pelvis and the knee:

• Group Musculus adductor It departs from the branches of the pubic bone at the bottom and fastened with a rough line in the area of ​​the hip: longus, magnus, brevis. The names say about their location and size: a large flat rear and short. This part of the body has a few other muscle structures to ensure the movement, strength and speed.
• Pectineus - quadrangle bordered by the iliopsoas muscle and the long adductor.
• Gracilis - thin, long, flat ligament, located subcutaneously.
• Sartorius - thin muscles of the anterior superior iliac to the femur.
• Biceps femoris - similar to the shoulder biceps, biceps. Interconnected and polutendinozom polumembranozom.
• Guadriceps femoris - it consists of 4 muscles that make up the front of the thigh.
• Semitendinosus - lies in the thickness of the back of the group. Fastened from the ischial tuberosity to the top of the tibia.
• Semimembranosus - located under the semitendinosus muscle, divided into 3 beam.
• articularis genus - grouped front thighs in the form of plates of several beams.

calf muscles

The main purpose of these muscles is to capture, move and maintain the stack:

• tibialis anterior - situated along the side line of the tibia. Mounted on the side of the leg to the base of the thumb.
• tibialis posterior - hidden in the back of the lower leg is fixed to the sole.
• Gastrocnemius - both heads come from the hip, their fibers converge to form the tendon calcaneus, attached to the heel. Can bend the lower leg at the knee, but it is not the key to this movement.
• Soleus - a large flat, lying in the depths of the surface muscles. Of the tibia and fibula attached to the heel through the Achilles tendon.
• peroneus brevis It shifts from the fibula to the tuberosity V plyustnevoy bones.

Small muscles that affect the movement of the toes:

• Extensor hallucis longus - deeply located outside, lying under the extensor digitorum longus. It moves the thumb.
• Extensor digitorum longus - extends the length of the tibia from the distal end of the lower leg to the foot, being split into 4 parts, and ends on the toes.
• Flexor digitorum longus - placed on the back of the lower leg. It helps pass on tiptoe.
• Plantaris - a small muscle that lies between the calf and the sole. In 10% of people missing. It happens to the heel through the Achilles tendon. It can bend the lower leg, but is not the key to this movement.
• Extensor hallucis longus - is under the Musculus extensor digitorum longus. Fixed by the fibula to the thumb, unbend it.
• peroneus tertius - located in the lower part of the fibula.
• Popliteus - located behind the knee joint and acts to "unlock" the knee.

foot muscles

The muscles involved in the work of the toes:

• Guadratus plantae - is above the flexor tendons of the thumb, from the heel tendon flexor clings to the abdominal muscles.
• Extensor hallucis brevis - fixed between the long and lateral extensor digitorum longus. It comes from the heel.
• Extensor digitorum brevis - lies beneath the extensor digitorum tendon longor. Removed from the heel to the toes. Tightens them.

Small flexor, providing the mobility of the fingers:

• hallucis brevis - located on the medial side of the foot, is responsible for the thumb;
• digiti minimi brevis - flexor digiti minimi brevis, disposed on the lateral side of the foot at the metatarsal bone of the little finger;
• digitorum brevis - lies in the middle of the foot sole. Removed from the heel all the fingers except the little finger.

Flexors of fingers by the soles, the outlet from the heel:

• abductor hallucis - extends to the base of the thumb;
• abductor digiti minimi - defined on the lateral side of the foot towards the little finger;
• adductor hallucis - located laterally to Hallucis Brevis;
• adductor hallucis - is derived from the first four bases of the metatarsal bones, as well as the plantar ligament to the big toe. Purpose: to bring the big toe of the foot and maintain;
• interossei plantares - 3 plantar muscles, which lie between the metatarsals. Fixed to the medial side of the phalanx of the middle finger to the little finger. Enter and bend them.
• musculi lumbricales - 4 small skeletal muscles, tendons joining the flexor muscles of the abdomen, are numbered from the medial side of the foot. The attachment comes from the thumb tendons to the toes. Flex in the metatarsal-phalangeal (between the metatarsal and the proximal phalanx) joints, thus expanding interphalangeal joints.

Anatomy of the muscles of the upper limbs

The muscles of the upper and lower extremities differ in their function. The main purpose of the muscles of the upper limbs - it is quite grasping, holding and heaving action. Divided into 4 groups.

The muscles of the shoulder girdle

The main characteristics of axial and scapular muscles:

Traffic	where does	The direction of movement	Primary muscle-Saturn engine	Where okanchil-ivaetsya	The inset on the humerus
axial
It connects the elbows; It moves them upwards (as during uppercut)	brachial bone	bending; adduction; medial rotation	pectoralis	clavicle; sternum; aponeurosis of the external oblique musculature	greater tuberosity
Elbow elbow back; Extend your elbows	shoulder; shoulder	humerus: extension, adduction and medial rotation	lat	thoracic vertebrae (T7 - T12)	mezhtuber-Kuleznev furrow
bladed
He raises his arms above his head	brachial bone	bending; retention limbs; medial and lateral rotation last	triangular	KEYSTONE-evidnaya; acromion; spine
It helps sternum in the clutch elbows and Anti-iziruet joint during movement	medial rotation	podlop-atochnaya	podlop-atochnaya fossa	small bump
Cooks-Chiva elbow out	abduction	podlop-atochnaya	suprasp-inalnaya fossa	greater tuberosity
elbow out of rotation	expansion; adduction	infraspinatus	infraspinatus fossa
It helps infraspinatus	expansion; adduction	large round	the rear portion of the blade	mezhtuber-Kuleznev furrow
It helps infraspinatus	small round	the lateral boundary of the dorsal surface of the scapula	greater tuberosity
Moves upward elbow	bending; adduction	rostral-shoulder	coracoid	the medial surface of the rod

Features:

• musculus deltoideus - creates a rounded shoulder line, facilitates flexion and medial rotation, extension and lateral rotation.
• musculus subscapularis located on the front of the blade and rotates the arm near the median plane. Named for their location, Musculus supraspinatus (above the blade) and Musculus infraspinatus (lower) is removed and the arm is rotated sideways, respectively. Thick Musculus teres major inferior Musculus teres minor in size and holds out his hand, and also contributes to its harmonization and medial rotation. Long minus turns and extends his hand.
  
• musculus coracobrachialis bends and removes his hand.

shoulder muscles

Transfer of muscles:

• Musculus biceps brachii - a two-headed muscle. Although most of the muscle is located in front of the humerus, it does not attach to the bone. Both originate from the blade head and bite recorded through the fascia to the forearm. Responsible for its supination.
• musculus coracobrachialis - arises from the scapula and attached to the humerus. Options: bending arm at the shoulder joint and slight reduction.
• musculus brachialis - is located in the distal region of the biceps. Is removed from the humerus and is fixed to the ulna.
• Musculus triceps brachii - it is the triceps muscle. The elongated head is due to the blades, the lateral head - of the proximal humerus and the medial - of the distal humerus. All 3 converge into a single tendon, attached to the ulna. He spreads his arms at the elbows.
• musculus anconeus - located in the surface region of the posterior forearm and mixed with the triceps muscle. It stretches from the humerus to the ulna. Designed to move the ulna during pronation and extension of the forearm.

forearm

List the names of the muscles performed with Funk:

• Musculus pronator teres - rectangular muscle located in the surface region of the forward compartment. It has two sources, one at the proximal end of the humerus and a distal end of the ulna. They are fixed to the middle region of the radius, providing the mobility of a forearm.
• Musculus pronator quadratus - in the shape of a square, located near the wrist in a deep region of the forward compartment. It comes from the ulnar bone and attached to the radius. Actions: pierces forearm.
  
• musculus supinator - placed in a deep region of the posterior section of the forearm. Supinator has two heads: one of the humerus, and the other of the ulna. However, they are fixed to the radius. Supiniziruet forearm.
• Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris - elongated nachinayuschayasyaokolo elbow and extending the wrist. It departs from the humerus and ulna and joins one of the carpal bones. It is responsible for the motor function of the wrist.
• Musculus palmaris longus - lasting seating near the elbow and wrist in passing. Function: flexion of the wrist.
• Musculus flexor carpi radialis - a long, fixed near the elbow and wrist in passing. Home - humerus, ending - the base of the fingers. Designed for flexion and abduction on the wrist.
• Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis - lezhaschiynizhe surface area, flexor digitorum superficialis is a key muscles that control the wrist and finger flexibility. Moved away from the humerus and radius, is divided into four tendons of the wrist, extending through the carpal tunnel and attaches to the fingers.
• Musculus flexor digitorum profundus - extends from the elbow to the wrist, which lies next to the flexor of the thumb. 4 is split into the tendon extending through the carpal tunnel to the distal fingers. It helps the wrist and the distal region of the fingers into the palm of your hand to make.
• Musculus pronator quadratus - square muscle located near the wrist, comes from the ulna, is connected with the radius. Proniruet forearm.

hand muscles

The muscles of the upper and lower extremities in the feet and hands are the most important in human life. If the first ability to provide rapid vertical movement, the latter providing the ability to perform complex manipulations.

Scroll:

• Musculus abductor pollicis longus - longus, installed next to the deep flexor. One end rests on the radius, the other - to the base of the thumb. It acts on the latter.
• Musculus extensor digitorum - it is the main extensor digitorum. Fastened on the humerus, is split into four tendons in the wrist, which pass through the carpal tunnel, and are attached to the fingers. Lengthens fingers.
• Musculus extensor digiti minimi - it comes from the extensor digitorum. In some people, these muscles are not determined individually. Expand the little finger.
• Musculus flexor pollicis brevis - is located below the discharge pollicis longus. It starts from the radius and is attached to the base of the thumb. Lengthens it.
• Musculus extensor indicis - allows the index finger to be independent from the others during the extension, moving away from the ulna and fixed on the index finger, increasing its length.
• Musculus opponens pollicis - it is the deepest and largest of the thenar muscles. It extends from the wrist to the thumb. Turn it to the palm of your hand, creating resistance and improve grip.
• Musculus abductor pollicis brevis - is located in front pollisisui proximal to the flexor pollisisa Brevis. Coming out of the wrist to the thumb, bending it.
• Musculus opponens digiti minimi - hidden in the depths, in the direction from the wrist to the little finger. Rotates little finger to the palm, creating resistance and improving adhesion.
• Musculus abductor digiti minimi - the surface of gipotenarnyh muscles. It extends from the wrist to the little finger. Extends the little finger.
• Musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis - located on the side of the finger. Fastened from the wrist to the little finger. Flexes the pinky.
  
• Musculus palmaris brevis - is a small superficial muscles, located in the palm of your hand. Exits the fascia palm and is attached to the dermal layer. Deepens the curvature of the palm, improving grip.

The anatomical structure of the human - a rather complicated organism that provides him the opportunity to not only move vertically but also perform complex actions requiring small precise movements. Muscle groups of the upper and lower limbs contribute to this well.

Registration of the article: Lozinski Oleg

Video of the muscles of the upper and lower extremities

Or rather the waist muscles limbs and shoulder, topography, structure, functions: