Transitional form red blood cells from newborn (reticulocytes) to mature (red blood cells) can tell a lot about the state of health. Norm blood cells in women, men and children of different ages, which is included in the differential diagnosis of diseases.
The content of the article:
- 1 What does the analysis on reticulocytes
- 2 When the prescribed study
-
3 norm
- 3.1 children
- 3.2 Among women
- 3.3 men
- 4 How to prepare for the study
- 5 How does the biomaterial fence
- 6 How to wait for the study results
- 7 Explanation responses analysis
- 8 Reasons for deviations from normal performance
- 9 How much is a study where they spend
- 10 Video of the rate of reticulocytes
What does the analysis on reticulocytes
Blood is composed of cells produced in the bone marrow in the process of hematopoiesis.
This 3 cell types, each of which performs a specific function:
- leukocytes, consisting of white cells;
- erythrocytes, consisting of red cells;
- platelets, planar elements.
The volume of red blood cells is called the hematocrit. The primary purpose of red blood cells - carry oxygen to the body, so every second body man is formed 2 million red cells, this happens every day updating to 2%.
Reticulocytes (the rate in women over the age of not much different from the male norm) - a young, immature red blood cell precursors. Newborn cells have a network of tiny blood vessels, causing them and went name consisting of two words - mesh and container. For its size, immature far superior to mature red blood cells.
As a result of the division and differentiation of stem cells originate reticulocytes. In the subsequent step they become mature red blood cells, decrease in size, are freed from the nucleus. Reticulocyte maturation occurs every 2 days, so there is always 0.5-2.2% of immature cells in the blood.
This rule indicates that the main hematopoietic organ, bone marrow, functioning in normal mode, and red blood cell production goes in the right rhythm. The body is designed so wisely that maintains a constant circulation of red blood cells, the existence of which no more than 120 days.
Worn spleen cells are eliminated and new ones are born in the bone marrow.
Over the entire adjustment process is responsible manager - erythropoietin - a hormone from the kidneys. On its formation affects the amount of oxygen in the body and in the kidneys. Reduction of oxygen pushes buds on its production, after which it takes part in the creation of red blood cells as the major peddlers of oxygen in the blood. In case of excess red blood cells, kidneys stop hormone production.
Using test reticulocytes is determined by the speed creation of erythrocytes. Increasing their number in the blood indicates how fast they are produced and migrate into the blood vessels. Most of the tests needed to diagnose anemia, a bone marrow cancer.
When the prescribed study
Testing is carried out in the following cases:
- Monitoring functions of the brain after sessions of chemotherapy, transplantation;
- of follow-up for iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency;
- monitoring the situation in the case of renal failure;
- suspicion of destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis);
- with a strong hemorrhage.
norm
Normal range of reticulocytes depends on the hemoglobin protein contained in red blood cells that transports oxygen. Index of reticulocytes in the blood - is a reliable sign of brain activity, the occurrence of all types of anemia and monitoring of drugs in medical therapy. In a healthy adult indicator of reticulocytes is stable.
reticulocyte index (RET) is determined by multiplying the percentage of RET in the blood for a certain number of hematocrit (a measure of the degree of blood thinning). The index of less than two spoke about lowering the production of red blood cells, and the rate of more than three - to increase their production.
children
Estimate of the amount and maturity of the young cells is carried out in children from infancy. In a normal healthy blood flow in children observed an increased number of immature cells. After the start of menstrual periods in girls, approximately 12 years of age, their level begins to differ from the level of immature red blood cells in the blood of prdrostkov. It depends on the late puberty boys.
Norma performance in children:
- from birth to 2 years: 0.15-1%;
- from 2 to 6 years: 0.2-0.7%;
- from 6 to 12 years: 0.7-1.3%:
- after 12 years of age in girls: 0,13-2,06%.
Increased rates of childhood have their reasons. At an early age increase indicates a high rate of blood in the body of renovation. After 12 years in girls increases blood loss due to menstruation, the number of red blood cells increases, respectively.
Among women
Reticulocytes (the rate in women over the age varies depending on the intensity of the flow of blood formation) in healthy female person present in the amount from 0.60 to 2.07%. The number of young red blood cells is increased in women during pregnancy, the menstrual cycle.
More than 10% of women older than 65 years suffer from anemia of various shapes. This iron, hemolytic anemia, or acquired after reception of drugs that stimulate erythropoiesis. All kinds of disorders affect the rate of reticulocytes in the blood of women.
men
Normally, a healthy man should be 0,67-1,92% reticulocytes from 100% red blood cells. Men as well as women over 60 years suffer from many types of anemia, which affects the level of immature cells.
In the production of blood cells affects alcoholism with cirrhosis, smoking, stress. Reticulocyte analysis is conducted before the sporting event to test for doping.
How to prepare for the study
Rules that must be followed for the successful completion of the analysis:
- Refrain from eating 2-3 hours before blood sampling.
- water can be drunk without gas delivery Before analysis.
- Eliminate the use of alcohol per day.
- Do not smoke for 1 hour before delivery of the analysis.
- Eliminate physical training, power load on the body for several hours before giving blood.
How does the biomaterial fence
On the study, venous blood is taken, which area of the skin located on the inner bend of the elbow is treated with alcohol. Then, around the shoulder superimposed rubber cord to put pressure on the area of blood sampling. This causes the vein to swell to determine blood flow. After venipuncture blood is collected into a tube attached to the needle.
The clamp is removed from the hands, the needle is removed and the puncture site is clamped with a cotton swab. Some laboratories are taking capillary blood. In infants and young children to puncture the skin is frequently used a sharp instrument - a lancet.
When manually fence estimated number and structural basis cytoplasm reticulocyte. For this in vitro blood is mixed with a dye and allowed to stand for 20-30 minutes. Then analyze the sample is placed on a glass slide for drying. Counting of reticulocytes produced under the microscope.
In manual method of counting large statistical error. Recently primenenyat automated counting method using a hematology analyzer. For this purpose, flow cytometry, when using a fluorescent dye that binds to ribosomal RNA is automatically counting cells.
The device may calculate not only the quantity of immature cells, but also to clarify the stage of maturity:
- reticulocytes with a low content of ribonucleic acid (RNA), the most mature cells;
- average RNA content less mature;
- with a high RNA content, even less mature cells;
- immature reticulocyte fraction.
How to wait for the study results
The results of the analysis, put into paid consultancy, for a long time do not have to wait. On study day 1 is given, after which you can get results. The district clinics all depends on how far away is the laboratory in which will be analyzed in the blood. To all it may take 3 to 5 days.
Explanation responses analysis
reticulocytes norm of test results should be interpreted with caution and considered in conjunction with other indicators.
For example:
- number of erythrocytes;
- increased or decreased hemoglobin;
- the presence of hematocrit.
In women over the age of 60 years, there is a low level of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit, which always points to the presence of anemia.
Results of the analysis helps identify the different types of anemia:
| The reduced and low reticulocyte | Allasticheskaya anemia | Bone marrow produces red blood cells fast enough |
| Iron-deficiency anemia | The body does not have enough iron to produce red blood cells | |
| Low levels of vitamins | Lack of vitamin B12, folic acid | |
| The high level of reticulocytes | hemolytic anemia | With this type of anemia, the red blood cells are destroyed before they die, so they do not have time to be produced. |
In the case of hemorrhage, anemia and other disorders occurs an increased number of reticulocytes in combination with reduced hemoglobin low ukrovnem erythrocytes and reduced hematocrit.
Table parameters of reticulocytes in some pathological processes:
| Inflammatory disease within the body | allergic reactions | Metastases in the bone marrow | acute leukemia | |
| acute | chronic | |||
| the normal rate | the normal rate | the normal rate | Normal or decreased | reduced rate |
Test for the presence and number of reticulocytes indicates the presence of a disease or disorder, but is not a direct diagnosis of a particular disease. It's just a sign that further investigation of the body is required.
Reasons for deviations from normal performance
Decreased reticulocyte count indicates the disorder:
- bone marrow from tumor drugs under the influence of chemotherapy, radiation of ions;
- uremia;
- hemolytic anemia;
- hypoxia;
- hemorrhagic anemia;
- allasticheskoe anemia;
- a lack of vitamin B12;
- iron deficiency;
- liver disease, kidney;
- alcoholism;
- mucosal edema thyroid tissue (myxedema);
- chronic infectious disease;
- receiving carbamazepine, chloramphenicol.
Increased number of young red blood cells indicates the following processes:
- Acute or chronic bleeding. After the acute loss of blood reticulocytes will rise 3-4 days. Persistent increase suggests chronic bleeding.
- Inflammatory processes in the kidney.
- Anemia. The increased rate is used as a measure of the effectiveness of the prescribed therapy. Increase after the treatment after 2 weeks. If the anemia is caused by a deficiency of vitamins, the increase in the number of reticulocytes will take place on 7-8 day.
- Kidney disease associated with increased production of erythropoietin.
- Hemolysis. In this case, within the body is destroyed with erythrocyte membranes hemoglobin release into the environment, if their index can increase to 300% of normal. Causes: infection of malaria organism, incompatible blood transfusion, manifesting the specific properties of the antibody.
- Oncology. Bone marrow tumors, metastasis development.
Increase reticulocytes may have people who work at height, climbers, smokers. Reticulocytes (the rate in women over the age determined diagnostically), their increased concentration, it is possible during pregnancy. In newborns there is a high percentage of reticulocytes, which is down for a few weeks after birth.
Admission antipyretic drugs increases the number of red blood cells, and drugs such as methotrexate, azathioprine, sulfa group, by contrast, reduce their level.
How much is a study where they spend
To conduct a study on the possible direction of a doctor in the district hospital, municipal. Without direction may get tested at any private clinics, where there is a hematology analyzer or conducted microbiological testing of blood. In the paid medical institutions in the blood sampling reticulocytes costs from 250 rubles., For the urgency of the payment can increase to 700 rubles.
Reticulocytes - a valuable tool for scientists in the study of protein synthesis. A doctor for knowledge standards in women over the age allows a correct diagnosis at various deviations in health status.
Author: Anna Belyaeva
Registration of the article: Lozinski Oleg
Video of the rate of reticulocytes
Deciphering the general analysis of blood:
