BCG vaccination. What, what it is, when doing a newborn, deciphering how flows, reaction, photo, how many times is done, the consequences, complications, contraindications. What if inflamed, suppurating

Vaccination bacillus Calmette-Zherena (hereafter BCG) - is vaccination, which protects the body against severe forms of tuberculosis. This disease is considered to be one of the most dangerous infectious diseases that can affect any organ of the human body.

During the first days of life of the newborn child, according to the rules applicable in the territory of the Russian Federation, he put mandatory vaccination, which include BCG vaccination. However, to produce a child vaccination, requires permission from the legal representative of the baby: a parent or guardian.

Then, the grafting process is repeated twice more, and is called the "booster." But not everyone is aware how the BCG vaccine, from which it protects the body.

why do

Immunization with BCG inoculation is not able to protect the individual from infection with the tubercle bacillus, but it is able to prevent the flow of TB from a latent stage in the open. Immunization is conducted using a specific vaccine, and protects the body of the child from severe manifestations of the consequences of active tuberculosis.

For example:

• tuberculous meningitis;
• severe lung infection;
• tuberculosis of bones of the spine and extremities, causing the gradual destruction of bone tissue.

Given the fact that vaccination is very important to protect the body, the immunization procedure is conducted for children in the first days after birth, medical personnel immediately postpartum department, provided that there are no contraindications.

According to statistics, immunization several times reduces the risk of infection with the tubercle bacillus.

Do I need to be vaccinated

BCG vaccination (from what is a start in the final decision to refuse or consent to be immunized against tuberculosis, described below) is necessary for each newborn.

The Russian Federation is not included in the list of states with the statistical data on the incidence of tuberculosis, included in the norm. Therefore, vaccination of newborns with BCG vaccination is not included in the list of mandatory events. BCG serum to enter the child, physicians must consent of the mother or other legal representative of the child.

However, before you give up vaccination should carefully consider this issue, examine all positive and negative sides, to learn more about the BCG vaccination, on what a start in making a final decision.
On the necessity of vaccination with BCG vaccine developed contradictory opinions like doctors and parents.

Studies conducted in different countries have conflicting data. Indicator immunization efficiency using BCG increases in countries as the distance from the equator.

Positive sides:

• vaccination 10 times reduces the incidence of tuberculosis;
• 3 times reduces the percentage of infection;
• absence of severe manifestations of the disease.

Negative sides:

• Some drugs manufacturers exhibit aggressive;
• child has a natural immunity, which is transmitted from his mother;
• inability to verify storage conditions and the terms of validity of serum.

Who and when done

BCG vaccination (from which it begins to form a stable immunity) is introduced to babies on day 3 of life.

At 7 years of age is necessary to pass the procedure of revaccination, the main condition of which is a negative tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test).

types of vaccines

BCG today is divided by only 2 kinds of vaccines against tuberculosis: BCG and BCG-M. Unlike BCG-M of BCG in its weaker composition. It contains 2 times less inactivated bacteria than standard inoculation (from what occurred prefix M, minimum).

Immunization with BCG-M is made for children in the following cases:

• to immunize weak, premature baby with a non-formed innate immunity;
• born weighing less than 2 kg .;
• having Rh-conflict to the mother;
• neurological disorders;
• received severe complications during labor.

How is the vaccination

WHO recommends vaccination with BCG or BCG-M is produced in the outer part of the left shoulder. Serum was administered subcutaneously strictly prohibited serum administering intravenously. The vaccine is prepared from a powdered substance that is diluted in saline.

The resulting serum is injected at the top and middle layers of the skin tuberkulirovannym syringe. Serum is introduced into one or more areas of the skin located at a close distance to each other.

booster

Revaccination is carried out twice, after the initial inoculation of children under the age of 7 and 15 years, under the following conditions:

• 1 BCG formed in the maternity ward;
• individual changes in the schedule of vaccinations;
• Mantoux test gives a negative reaction.

The purpose of the procedure - this consolidation formed immunity to tubercle bacillus.

If we believe the data that is provided by WHO, immune response to the organism getting into the TB infection is stopped after 5-7 years.

What to do after?

After vaccination, required to comply with a number of simple guidelines:

1. In the first 30 minutes to eliminate meal.
2. You can not handle the injection site by any ointments, creams or antiseptics.
3. We can not close the resulting papule plasters, bandages and other dressings.
   
4. It should be under medical supervision for 1-1.5 hours in the event of an allergic reaction after administration of BCG vaccines (which may require urgent help)
5. If the vaccination is expected of the child contact with a person who has a diagnosis of tuberculosis, that before a child gets home, you need to isolate the infected person, and to conduct a full, thorough sanitization disinfectant residential premises means.
6. Within 8 weeks after BCG vaccination the child is prohibited to communicate with people who are ill with tuberculosis.
7. 24 hours after vaccination is necessary to cancel a walk with your child. This is due to the fact that all the forces of the body will be directed to the production of antibodies, so it will be weakened and susceptible to various infections. It can cause acute respiratory viral infections, bronchitis, otitis media.
8. In the first few days after the injection can not bathe the baby, wet the injection site, rub the injection site with a sponge or washcloth, comb it. This can irritate the skin and lead to the accession of infection.
9. Woman breast feeding a baby at the time shall be excluded from the menu are foods that can cause allergic reactions. After vaccination of children aged 7 to 15 years should be excluded from the diet, heavy, greasy, spicy food.

A few hours after administration the serum may be a slight increase in temperature. If the mark of the thermometer does not exceed the figure of 37.5, it is necessary to ensure the child to drink plenty of savory, warm liquid. If the thermometer mark exceeds subfebrile figure, you need to give the child a fever reducer.

Reaction

Normally, the body's reaction to getting into it with a vaccine alien, weakened tuberculosis bacteria does not occur immediately. The first visible signs of the immune system to combat with unknown bacteria and develop sustainable immunity to it become apparent 3-4 weeks after immunization. On the skin at the site of serum appears small watery blister.

The process can be accompanied by an increase in body temperature, it is considered normal symptom, if the temperature does not exceed the level of 37.5-38 C. A small amount of the quantity of purulent discharges blister if no process of inflammation and swelling of the surrounding tissue.

After 9-14 weeks, the blister must be covered with a crust. After drying, the crust falls off, and underneath the scar will remain. The color of the resulting scar can vary from white to bright pink, it depends entirely on the child's individual characteristics of the organism. However, the importance value of the rumen. In the normal range should reach scar diameter of 5 to 10 mm.

If the scar is formed in a diameter of less than 4 mm., This suggests that the procedure goal was not achieved, and immunity to tuberculosis infection and has not been formed.

What if BCG vaccination is inflamed or suppurating

In case the inflammation was formed up to 10 mm at the injection site. in diameter, do not be alarmed. This indicator is at the mark, part of the norm. If the sore place more than 10 mm. in diameter, papule is not covered by a crust or scars, a large amount of pus, the symptoms must cause the district to visit the pediatrician.

Sequence:

1. During a visit to the doctor, disturbing symptoms should be described in detail.
2. Pediatrician prescribe tests do Mantoux test.
3. If the result is negative Mantoux test, it will be assigned revaccination.

How to heal the vaccine

The healing process:

1. BCG vaccination (on which the reaction occurs) causes the formation of antibodies, so the white spot is formed at the injection site. It automatically runs in 2-3 hours.
2. For 3-4 days after administration of the vaccine injection site remains red, visible light swelling.
3. From 9 to 14 week appears small papule (blister filled with fluid, pus less), the size of which does not exceed 10 mm. Blisters may be accompanied by a sense of itching.
4. 2-3 weeks after emergence, the blister breaks. Contained inside fluid flows, the characteristic crust is formed, by which the process of scar formation occurs.
5. Once the injection site healed completely (on average this process takes 2-3 weeks), the crust wither. Under it remains a small scar.

Slight variations grafting healing stages in either direction from said timing permitted and is not considered pathology. Healing takes place taking into account individual characteristics of each organism.

complications

BCG vaccination (from which it was recommended to be administered to newborn children) according to the statistics has a low percentage of serious consequences after entering the body. Still, we can not exclude the possibility of complications after BCG vaccination.

complications:

1. The beginning of the inflammatory process is a symptom of the injection site lymphadenitis. This complication occurs most frequently and is accompanied by inflammation in the lymph nodes. The reason for this complication could be high activity of serum components or too large a dose. Lymphadenitis appears in the left axilla, affecting the lymph nodes located near the injection site. Lymphadenitis evident from 3 to 8 week after the injection. Lymph nodes in the site of the lesion increased in volume. If the inflammation goes unnoticed, the formation of purulent abscess begins. The skin at the site of inflammation becomes red. When these complications is necessary to seek help from a pediatrician or a surgeon. Using a small incision inflamed capsule is removed, and the patient is assigned drug therapy.
2. The cause of suppuration at the injection site is often the development of cold abscess. This complication does not result from intolerance of vaccine components, particularly of the immune system, contraindications or other physiological characteristics of the organism. The reason that begins to develop a cold abscess, is a failure to comply with the doctor injection technique serum. The first sign of the onset of cold abscess is a large number of purulent secretions from the site of administration of the vaccine, and soreness when touched to the inflamed site. The process of developing a cold abscess is slow. When this complication from wounds no chance of scar on their own. This type of complication requires medical intervention. Surgically removed will fester fabrics and appointed anti-inflammatory therapy.
   
3. The most difficult and rarely seen is the development of osteomyelitis. This disease affects the musculoskeletal system starting to develop in the soft tubular bones of the lower limbs of the child, restricting the mobility of the joints. In osteomyelitis advanced stage affects the bones of the spinal column. A characteristic feature of this complication, it is asymptomatic. The earlier a child receives medical help, the better. In this case, chemotherapy or surgery can be used. Development of osteomyelitis occurs in acute immunodeficiency child. This makes fragile organism susceptible to the disease.

Contraindications

There are a number of factors, at least one of them, BCG immunization serum is not produced in the presence of a person.

All contraindications can be divided into 3 types:

1. Constant, in which the vaccination is strictly prohibited. These include:
   the presence of malignant and benign tumors; positive Mantoux test; pregnancy; HIV infection; complications after primary vaccination with BCG. As a rule, characterized by permanent contraindications for adults.
2. Temporary facilities that may delay vaccination for a certain period of time. These factors include: infants born prematurely (prematurity step 2-4) having a birth weight below 2,500 kg.; immunodeficiency; HIV-infected mothers; intrauterine infection; reception means, suppress the immune system; tuberculosis is one of the family members; blood transfusion.
   
3. True, in which routine vaccination is postponed until full recovery. Such contraindications include: lack of iron in the blood (anemia); ARI and ARI; pyo-septic lesions of the skin and mucous membranes; CNS; neurological disorders.

Immunity after vaccination

After penetration into the body of sera containing no active bacteria tuberculosis develop active TB begins immunity, capable to provide resistance at the first contact with the bacterium, and in subsequent contacts with carriers of infection.

If the child is infected with tuberculosis, serum can stop the development of severe forms of TB.

BCG immunization is not 100% guarantee that the person is not infected by an infection, but provides an easier course of disease if infection occurs.

Recommendation Dr. Komarovsky

The opinion of the world famous, beloved by the people pediatrician Komarovsky Eugene O. regarding vaccinating a child with a BCG unambiguously positive. Eugene O. fully supports the child's immunization procedure serum of BCG.

Dr. Komorowski believes that it is better to untrained child's body met a small amount of weak Koch bacillus bacteria than the high dose aggressive, pathogenic bacteria. Komorowski said that, on an erroneous view of the parents, the child is nowhere to be faced with TB infection.

However, the reality today is that a person with an open form of tuberculosis can move freely through the streets, ride on public transport to visit crowded places.

Statistics confirm that a person suffering from active tuberculosis, infects 15 people per year.

According to the pediatrician, the BCG vaccine - it is an effective way of protecting the body against deadly forms of TB. Although vaccination is not 100% guarantee against tuberculosis infection, however, is several times reduces the risk of infection. In the words of a famous pediatrician, one can conclude that the Mantoux test remains an effective tool to learn about the presence of bacteria in the body of the child.

That is why you need to do Mantoux test every year. Undoubtedly, every parent has the right to decide the need for child immunization. However, before making such an important decision, you need to learn more about the process vaccination, learn more about BCG vaccination, from which it can save a child, carefully weigh all the "pros" and "Against".

This decision is directly related to further safe condition and health of the child. To date, still a high risk of contracting tuberculosis. The only way to reduce the risk to a minimum, is the BCG vaccine.

Registration of the article: Lozinski Oleg

Video of vaccination with BCG

Dr. Komarovsky - all about the BCG vaccination: