Blood analysis. Decoding in children: the norm in the table, the results overall, biochemical, wbc, deviations

Blood analysis is a reliable laboratory method of diagnosing abnormalities and malfunctioning organs. Research is needed to verify the health status of the child's body.

This is due to the fact that the child is not able to give a complete answer to the concerns of its symptoms or pain location. Deciphering analysis allows to quickly determine the cause of child illness, take appropriate measures and prescribe treatment in time.

Features of preparation for analysis

To carry out a blood test, a special training is required. It is necessary to follow some standard rules. Donating blood should be on an empty stomach, so before visiting the clinical laboratory, feed the child is undesirable.

The optimal time for analysis - early morning. Infants do not take the blood of fasting, so the analysis is desirable to carry out 2 hours after feeding.

The reliability of the result affects the emotional state. High levels of stress can have a negative impact on some indicators and distort the result. Therefore, before the procedure is necessary to adjust the child to calm and to avoid a situation which creates a stress. Compliance with simple instructions will help to get an objective result of the blood test.

As children take blood

Blood analysis (decoding in children diagnosed in the early stages of infection) can be carried out in two ways. Depending on the doctor's instructions are analyzed capillary or venous blood.

A study taken blood from a finger. In newborns often heel. In this type of analysis, there are some drawbacks. For example, capillary blood has a rapid clotting. Form small clots that can distort the final result.

Whole blood is considered easier in terms of the procedure:

1. Puncture site, where does the analysis is wiped with alcohol.
2. With the help of a specially designed blade makes a small incision directly on the ball of the finger.
3. The blood is typed into the tube.

The study of venous blood is considered the most reliable, but the procedure is different complexity. Analysis of the child can only be done very qualified.

1. The forearm of the child area to tie a tourniquet.
2. After fixing the harness specialist pierces a vein located in the crook of the elbow.
3. The blood is typed using a syringe or a needle attached to the tube.

Complete blood count (KLA) in children

Complete blood count (KLA) in children is an informative method of diagnosis. Simple research reveals information about blood components. Deciphering the analysis is a table which sets out a number of indicators and their meanings.

According to the data, the specialist can make a conclusion about the state of health of the child, appoint additional investigation of internal organs and prescribe treatment. The body is healthy when the figures correspond to the normal range. Therefore, the analysis shall be appointed as a preventive measure.

Properly read the transcript, interpret it and make a conclusion can only physician. However, parents is important to be aware of the names of the indicators and their normal pre-evaluation and planning for further action.

Detailed KLA in the child appears next to the components, including:

• Hemoglobin. The main element in the composition of red blood cells. It is a protein complex group. It provides transport of oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide.
• Erythrocytes. Numerous elements of the blood composition. Provide balanced body oxygen content, participate in the delivery of beneficial and harmful substances, medicinal components.
• Color index. It identifies the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cell unit.
• Reticulocytes. Maturing red blood cells. Demonstrate the speed of updating the composition of the blood in the child's body.
• Platelets. Blood cells involved during clotting, thrombus formation and healing of injured tissues.
• ESR. He speaks about the rate at which red blood cells settle numerous. In the presence of inflammation in the body, increase the mass of red blood cells. Because of this, they settle faster. It indicates the presence of infection in the body of the child.
• Leukocytes. It provides protection against intrusion of bacteria and infections.
• Eosinophils. Involved in the identification of allergic reactions are responsible for antibody production.
• Basophils. Partly leukocyte cell. Indicate the presence of blood diseases, poisoning and allergies.
• Lymphocytes. The foundation of the immune system. Help destroy viruses and chronic infections.
• Monocytes. White blood cells are a major species. With their help, the blood is purified from foreign components. Microorganisms capable of absorbing the whole form.

Norma indicator value varies and depends on the children's age. Below is a table of limit values ​​characteristic for different age groups.

Deciphering the values ​​of the indicators

Blood analysis (decoding in children identify disease in its infancy) is held to timely detect the disease and disease in the body. An abnormality may indicate violations of children's body systems.

With the help of timely diagnosis may be time to recognize deviations and to take action:

• Diseases of the circulatory system is characterized by increased hemoglobin and red blood cells. High level of data items may be indicative of the blood is too thick consistency. Hemoglobin in the higher content indicates a heart problem. Thanks to the timely analysis may detect such a disease, like heart disease.
• If a child suffers from constipation, then the level of red blood cells and hemoglobin also increased. Provoke an increase in performance can be dehydrated as a result of poisoning. Low levels of indicators point to the development of anemia.
• Increased reticulocyte announces significant blood loss or disorders of bone marrow function. The situation indicates a functional fault in the kidney and development of malaria.
• Increasing the number of reticulocytes is not always an alarming sign. In some cases, the picture shows the positive response of the organism to drugs. We can talk about the treatment of deficiency anemia.
• Reticulocytes increased in number after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This confirms the effectiveness passed procedures and bone marrow reconstitution.
• Irregularities in the development of red blood cells in the bone marrow shows a reduced level of reticulocytes. This situation can lead to several negative consequences, as there is a risk of tissue hypoxia. Lack of reticulocytes may be associated with autoimmune diseases, anemia or cerebral tumor formation.
• There is cause for concern in the case of increasing the number of platelets in children's blood. Such a state can trigger the formation of blood clots in blood vessels, uncontrollable. After complicated operations platelets may also increase in number. But the main reasons for the increase in platelet count are infections such as meningitis and pneumonia. Reduced content of cells is often observed in children who were born prematurely.
• If the ESR parameter is below normal, then the child are experiencing problems with blood circulation. Greater speed in most cases is the result of a viral illness, colds and sore throat sometimes. The growth rate may trigger stress experienced by the child when taking a blood sample. In infants, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate is due to a lack of vitamins. It can be observed in the period of teething.
• Inflammation in the body stimulates the growth of white blood cells. Cells grow after prolonged load emotional or physical nature. In allergy or fatigue leukocyte content also increases. Such a reaction is possible in the case of internal bleeding. Radiation sickness, leukemia, and bone marrow lesions have a positive effect on the growth of white blood cells. If the figure is underestimated, the reason may lie in diseases such as measles or chicken pox.
• And parasitic skin infections are confirmed by the growth of eosinophils. When the content does not reach the standards, likely to occur in the body of bacterial infections. Insufficient number of eosinophils characteristic neuroses diseases by psyche.
• Anemia, leukemia, gastrointestinal diseases and otolaryngology increase the content of basophils in blood child. The situation is typical and thyroid functional failure. The content of basophils below normal may in infectious diseases in the acute form, as well as stress.
• Elevated levels of lymphocytes can be infectious and noninfectious nature. Among infectious diseases, provoking the growth of lymphocytes, common measles, chicken pox, herpes, and hepatitis.
• Noninfectious character of high content of lymphocytes suggests that in the body there is a malignancy. The reason for the deviation from the norm can be the bacteria that cause tuberculosis or brucellosis.
• Lymphocyte content at a low level indicative of pathologies and failure of the kidneys, liver, immunodeficiency, leukemia.
• When infecting virus content exceeds the norm monocytes. In some cases, it is a sign of heart disease or malignant formations. Shred or complete absence of monocytes usually indicate a problem with the bone marrow, or radiation sickness.

WBC Features

WBC index identifies blood leukocytes (white blood cells), which allows the doctor to conclude an initial conclusions about the state of health of the child.

In children with the determination of the total white blood cell count, transcript analysis shows separate their components. All leukocyte elements presented as a percentage of the total number of white blood particles. Calculation called leukocyte formula or leukogram.

Despite the fact that all the white blood cells protect the body of the child from threats to their health, each group of white blood cells performing individual functions. Leukogram allows you to specify the diagnosis, as well as to check whether the treatment works effectively.

• neutrophils - the large number of white blood cells. The cells are endowed with a protective function and fight bacterial infections.
• In second place in terms of quantity are lymphocytes. Taurus protect the body from invading virus infections.
• eosinophils occupy a relatively small percentage of the total number of white blood cells. The basic cell function - protection from parasites and pathogens allergies.
• monocytes basophils, and also belong to a small group of white blood cells. First protect the child against infectious agents provocateurs, the latter are involved in the response to allergens.

Leukogram can be assigned:

• at the time scheduled or inspection of the child;
• to eliminate an infectious disease;
• in exacerbation of chronic nature of the disease;
• prior to vaccination or surgery;
• as a preventive measure.

Deciphering the WBC in the blood test, the rate depending on the age and diagnosis

In order to make correct conclusion about the state of children's immunity to confirm or deny suspicion of disease should be explored WBC rules for children of different age groups represented in table below.

Increased rate WBC called leukocytosis. The condition is not necessarily indicates a disease or pathology. White blood cells are increased in number in cases where the child has experienced the day before delivery of the analysis of emotional or physical stress.

The leukocytosis can be detected when receiving the food immediately prior to delivery of the analysis. Therefore, to donate blood to check the content of leukocytes should be fasting.

WBC parameters exceeding the norm indicates the following pathologies:

• bacterial and viral diseases;
• acute and chronic forms of inflammation;
• leukemia;
• skin and parasitic infections;
• allergy;
• autoimmune diseases;
• neoplasms;
• anemia.

Decrease in WBC index called leukopenia.

It occurs when a child suffers from:

• poisoning and dehydration;
• exhaustion;
• bacterial infection;
• bone marrow lesions;
• low blood pressure;
• diabetes.

The content of leukocytes in the blood can be reduced due to the reception of certain medicines, such as antibiotics or anticonvulsants.

In identifying deviations from the index WBC rules, you must retake the child's blood in order to exclude the impact of the fact of eating or stress. If the repeated result is identical to the original, then you must consult your pediatrician for a thorough examination of the child.

Among the most likely causes of leukocytosis - infectious or inflammatory processes. After diagnosing doctor will prescribe treatment, after which the level of normal leukocytes.

Upon detection of leukopenia, it is necessary to identify the cause without delay, as a small number of white blood cells indicates a decrease in immunity, and therefore a high risk of transmission of infectious disease. After determining the causes, treatment should be initiated without delay.

biochemical biopsy

Biochemical analysis of blood allows the comprehensive assessment of the work of the child's body to reveal the content of micro- and macronutrients, vitamins and enzymes, as well as the need for them. The analysis provides more detailed information than the KLA.

Biochemistry prescribed to children in the following cases:

• suspicion of hereditary diseases;
• assumptions about the defeat of children's organs disease;
• the need to determine the cause of jaundice in the infant;
• suspicion of intrauterine infection;
• test the efficacy of drugs.

The analysis is performed solely on an empty stomach. In this regard, the child is not allowed to consume food or drink, except water, up to 8 hours before the procedure. Not less important is the emotional preparation. It is necessary to set up a child in a positive way.

Analysis of blood and decoding in children is carried out in the laboratories of children's hospitals and clinics, both public and private. Biochemistry investigate venous blood. In the youngest patients blood taken from the heel by using a thin needle. A number of indicators extensive biochemical analysis. Some of them can be investigated only in accordance with the additional medical indications.

Blood analysis (decoding in children biochemical parameters listed below) It may be indicative of the effectiveness of the medication in the treatment of disease:

• Total protein - is analyzed to avoid improper metabolism and malignancies.
• Albumins and globulins - are responsible for transporting various trace elements and substances (drugs, hormones, fatty acids).
• C-reactive protein - stimulates the protective functions of the body.
• Alkaline phosphatase - facilitates the exchange of phosphor.
• Glucose - provides energy to the body's cells.
• Lipids - indicate the total fat content in the child's body.
• Cholesterol - an indicator of progression of atherosclerosis.
• Potassium - forging work of the heart of the system.
• Calcium and phosphorus - are involved in the formation of bone tissue, stimulates the correct functioning of the muscles and nervous system.
• Sodium - is responsible for the supply of nerve signals to the muscles.

  

Higher in the table shows the standard values ​​of biochemical parameters of blood according to children's age.

What can be said deviation results from the norm

The situation when the indicators deviate from the norm, indicates pathology and malfunctions in the body.

For example:

• Exceeding the limit of total protein indicates an infection in the body. Low content may be associated with pancreatitis and other abnormalities of the liver or gastrointestinal tract.
• albumin levels rise when there are diseases of the digestive tract. The reason for low albumin dose lies in the presence of renal disease, and sometimes in an unbalanced diet.
• The presence of inflammation in the body of the child reacts measure C-reactive protein. In this case, it increases.
• If the blood is increased bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase means it holds liver pathology, kidney or gall bladder. On the evidence of anemia increase in the indirect bilirubin.
• An immediate signal is diabetes high blood glucose. Reduced rate when the body of the child will get a dose of insulin.
• Insufficient level of creatinine indicates scant entering the body of useful elements and starvation. Overvalued indicator indicates a problem with the thyroid gland and kidney. It may also be the result of radiation sickness.
• Malnutrition may reduce the potassium level in the blood. In this direction also working heart disease or stomach. In the worst case rate is increased when the body is born tumor disease.
• Elevated levels of sodium - satellite urinary system diseases. When the index is less than the norm may suspected hepatic or renal failure.
• phosphorus concentration level below standard values ​​may signal a failure in the central nervous system and lead to diseases of mental character.

When the direction of the child for a blood test, the doctor notes the list of the most important indicators for the specific case. As the KLA, and blood chemistry allows the identification of the body in children's disease and pathology in the initial stages.

Decoding performance values ​​reliably identify weak points in the child's organism and provides an opportunity to immediately assign an effective treatment.

Registration of the article: Vladimir the Great

Video of the blood test in a child

Dr. Komarovsky tell about the CBC: