Sigmoid - it is an isolated inflammation of the sigmoid colon (the penultimate division of the large intestine), which may be either an independent process or a manifestation of other diseases.
Causes
Most of the causes of sigmoidita as independent disease, are incorporated in the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the sigmoid colon.
First, the main function of the sigmoid colon is the final forming of stool, which can irritate mucous membrane of the intestine, contributing to the development of micro, and consequently - creating the preconditions for the emergence of inflammation.
Second, unlike other parts of the colon, sigmoid colon has a curved shape, which delays the passage of intestinal contents therein. This feature increases the length of the structure of the mucous stool irritation, increasing the likelihood of inflammation.
In addition to the reasons also include:
- intestinal diseases such as dysentery, amoebiasis. The bacteria that cause these infections produce toxins which destroy intestinal cells, forming erosions or ulcers. Due to the characteristics of the sigmoid colon with such damage it is most vulnerable to the inflammatory process.
- intestinal dysbiosis. In addition, the microflora in the intestinal lumen has a protective function. When dysbacteriosis natural microbial Wednesday broken, which creates conditions for reproduction corrosive bacteria, and hence also for the development of inflammation.
- ulcerative bowel disease, e.g., Crohn's disease or nonspecific ulcerative colitis. These allergic diseases are due to factors that can cause pitting and similar such as intestinal infections.
- circulatory disorders of the intestine (bowel ischemia). The most common cause of such damage - atherosclerosis. When atherosclerosis in the vascular lumen formed plaques, reducing the number of traversed the blood, thereby creating interference power organs and tissues. In the intestine under the influence of ischemia appearing areas of necrosis (necrosis), which become the primary foci of inflammation.
- exposure to ionizing radiation - radiation sickness. Under the influence of radiation, some cell structures are destroyed and the appearance of free radicals - toxic compounds capable of damaging healthy cells.
Kinds
Like most inflammatory diseases, sigmoid can occur acutely or chronically. In addition, the following kinds of it, differ in the nature intestine damage:
- Catarrhal sigmoid. The lightest form, whereby only the top layer is damaged intestinal epithelium.
- Erosive sigmoid. It is a continuation of no cure catarrh and characterized by destruction of the epithelium of the intestine with the formation of erosions on it - do not open the protected areas of the mucosa.
- Ulcerative sigmoid. This form occurs during prolonged stimulation of erosion on the surface of the intestine, so that they turn into sores - the deeper mucosal defects.
- Perisigmoidit. It represents the most severe form of the disease. Through the ulcer surface inflammation penetrates into the deeper parts of the intestinal wall, reduces its mobility, and abdominal adhesions starts (the process of intestinal loops compound between themselves).
symptoms sigmoidita
Because of the diversity of and reasons sigmoidita, symptoms can vary greatly, but there are three major manifestations characteristic of any type of disease:
Pain in the left iliac area (bottom-left corner of the abdomen). The pain is intense, often can give up or back. It should be remembered that the sigmoid colon initially has a high mobility, the consequence of which may be a change in pain location closer to the center line of the abdomen, or higher, in the direction of diaphragm.
Changing the frequency and character of stool. Most often, there is diarrhea, constipation occur less frequently. For sigmoidita characterized by increased frequency of the urge to defecate, due to irritable bowel. Fecal mostly liquid, have a pungent, unpleasant smell, they can see the blood, mucus or pus.
Deterioration of general condition of the patient. Since prolonged course of the disease a human body is depleted, possible loss of body mass, reduced health and general well-being, various sleep disturbances.
Diagnostics
Diagnosis and treatment of sigmoidita may engage the physician internist, gastroenterologist, infectious disease specialist, surgeon.
The main task for diagnosis is differential diagnosis to other inflammatory bowel diseases, and abdominal organs, such as paraproctitis, Ulcerative colitis, and infectious diseases, e.g. dysentery, Cholera, intestinal dysbiosis.
For diagnostic use the results of the following studies:
- The survey and examination of the patient, palpation of the abdomen. Through these studies, the doctor can determine the exact location of the lesion, and to conclude what kind of bowel section is involved in the inflammatory process.
- General blood and stool analysis. These studies will help to pinpoint the severity and nature of the inflammatory process.
- sigmoidoscopy carried out for the direct study of colonic mucosa membrane. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded form of the disease and the area affected, and to prevent cancer.
- Radiography is carried out to differentiate sigmoid with impaired intestinal permeability.
- Women - data gynecological examination to exclude gynecological pathologies such as endometriosis, adnexitis, Fallopian gestation and a few others, the ability to give a similar clinical picture.
After gathering all the information the doctor sets a final diagnosis and prescribe treatment.
sigmoidita treatment
Treatment is prescribed depending on what caused the cause of the sigmoid.
1. For treatment sigmoidita induced intestinal infections, antimicrobial therapy is prescribed (Biseptolum, tetracycline, Ampicillin, Tsefran) covers bacterial preparations to protect against dysbacteriosis (Lactobacterin, and Bifidobak others).
Also, in chronic, designate intestinal antiseptics such as Intetriks or Smekta.
2. For the treatment of sigmoidita caused by non-specific inflammatory bowel disease, use anti-inflammatory drugs that eliminate the underlying disease: Salazoperidazin, prednisolone, Sulfasalazine.
To combat obscheintoksikatsionnymi process uses glucose infusion therapy solutions, blood plasma, and iron preparations (for treatment anemia). Also appointed bacterial preparations for normalization of intestinal microflora.
3. For the treatment of ischemic sigmoidita use the same scheme as in the treatment of diseases caused by nonspecific sigmoidita. In some cases, the failure of such a therapy may be indicated by operation angioplasty feeding intestine.
In addition, as with all diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, is assigned to a special diet №4, which is intended to exclude acute, fried, smoked food, alcohol, and the maximum reduction in the diet of fats, carbohydrates and salts, as well as shown preliminary crushing before meals use.
sigmoidita Treatment long, in most cases, recovery is necessary to conduct 1-2 courses of therapy, duration of 1 to 3 months.
Prognosis and complications
With proper treatment sigmoidita in most cases possible to achieve a full recovery, but it should be understood that the process and long treatment accompanied by weight restrictions diet.
In the absence of treatment, the inflammation may spread to neighboring segments of the intestine, most often in the rectum (proctitis).
Also, with the progression of the inflammation may be disturbed bowel leak, resulting will peritonitis - inflammation of the abdominal cavity, requiring extensive surgery.
