Enteritis - an acute or chronic inflammation in the small intestine, in which the basic functions of the intestine (digestion and absorption of nutrients).
Enteritis is a change of the mucous structure that disrupts the normal synthesis of intestinal juice and the barrier function of the intestinal wall.
general information
Enteritis are of different origin, but the flow can distinguish acute and chronic forms.
Typically, acute enteritis occur rapidly, with severe symptoms are usually chronic and acute outcome of the process, a treated or properly running. Enteritis occur at any age, acute form is more often in young children, chronic enteritis is more common for adults.
Usually accompanied by acute enteritis development gastritis (Inflammation of the stomach) or colitis (Inflammation of the colon).
Chronic enteritis accompanying diseases of the pancreas or the biliary system, metabolic processes, or autoimmune pathologies, hereditary diseases.
Causes
The main causes of acute enteritis include:
- infection with dangerous germs (bacilli of cholera, salmonella, Escherichia, staphylococci etc.),
- infection with viral agents (rotaviruses, Enteroviruses)
- damage to the food and drug allergens plan,
- Poisoning poisons products (mushrooms, berries, etc.)
- alcohol consumption,
- exposure to heavy metals, chemicals,
- abuse of bold, sharp, spicy, etc.
The main causes of chronic enteritis are:
- intestinal damage by worms,
- giardiasis bowel,
- overeating spicy, fatty, roughage,
- addictions (nicotine, alcohol)
- Production intoxication (heavy metals, chemicals, radiation exposure)
- intestinal damage as a result of taking certain medications,
- autoimmune diseases,
- Hereditary malabsorption and fermentopathy,
- surgery on the gut.
The development of acute or chronic enteritis contribute to bad habits, sedentary lifestyle, kidney problems and blood circulation, abdominal trauma and surgery, adhesions.
Kinds
Localization share:
- isolated enteritis,
- gastroenteritis in conjunction with a lesion of the stomach,
- enterocolitis in conjunction with colon lesions,
- gastroenterocolitis - the defeat of the stomach and of the intestine.
Also, according to the degree of inflammation spread release:
- total enteritis,
- eyunit - inflammation of the jejunum,
- ileitis - inflammation of the ileal portion of the small intestine.
For reasons of formation can be identified:
- parasitic enteritis,
- infectious (viral and bacterial) enteritis,
- drugs or medication,
- food,
- toxic (including radiation)
- arising due to congenital abnormalities of the structure or operation of enzymes,
- postoperative.
You can also split:
- primary, emerging as an independent pathology enteritis,
- secondary, occurring against the background or as a complication of other diseases.
According to the features of the structure and working of enzymes can be identified:
- atrophic enteritis with focal or total change,
- non-atrophic enteritis.
can be distinguished by the degree of severity:
- mild,
- moderate form,
- severe form, with or without complications.
Chronic enteritis can be:
- in the acute stage,
- under partial remission,
- in complete remission.
manifestations of enteritis
Acute enteritis usually proceed rapidly, but quickly ended.
Enteritis manifested by the following symptoms:
- loose stool from 1-2 to 10-20 and more times a day,
- nausea and vomiting,
- stomach ache,
- bloating and rumbling in the abdomen,
- temperature rise from 37 to 39 or more,
- malaise, headache,
- Language of taxation,
- in severe diarrhea signs of dehydration - dry tongue and mucous membranes, weight loss, seizures.
- in severe cases - coagulation disorders, shock and coma.
Chronic enteritis usually give a variety of clinical symptoms, occur not so acute, but sometimes last for months.
For them, the following features are typical:
- diarrhea after ingestion,
- weak pain around the navel,
- rumbling and feeling of bloating,
- frequent stool, watery, yellow particles of food,
- defecation can bring discomfort, pressure reduction,
- evolution anemia, osteoporosis due to malabsorption of minerals,
- tongue coated with white bloom with teeth imprints,
- there are signs of vitamin deficiencies,
- body weight gradually reduced, arises dystrophy.
Diagnostics
The basis of diagnosis are complaints and inspection with palpation of the abdomen and the study of the nature of the chair. Complementary diagnostics:
- coprogramFeces on the intestinal group, virological testing.
- tests for occult blood in the stool, Availability carbohydrates.
- general blood analysis with the determination of an acute infection, anemia, leukocytosis, acceleration ESR,
- biochemistry blood with signs of protein malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies,
- initial endoscopy of the small intestine,
- X-ray examination with contrast,
- Ultrasound of the liver and pancreas for detecting comorbidity.
It is important to distinguish from other diseases enteritis with diarrhea - thyrotoxicosis Adissonovoy disease, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome.
enteritis treatment
Enteritis mainly treat infectious diseases and gastroenterology, depending on the reasons that caused them.
Treatment of an acute form
Acute infectious enteritis treated in a hospital. If this microbial intestinal infection, antibiotics are used if the virus - only symptomatic treatment:
- diet food - boiled, always mashed and non-irritating foods,
- combating dehydration by infusion of glucose and sodium chloride solutions,
- struggle with toxemia using gemodeza, reopoliglyukina,
- fermentoterapiya,
- Sorbent fixing the therapy - smectite, enterosgel, congee,
- correction of violations of the microbial balance,
- vitamins and immunotherapy.
In severe forms, and in patients with concomitant diseases:
- Norfloxacin 0.4 g of 2 times a day for 5-7 days.
- Ciprofloxacin 0.5 g of 2 times a day for 5-7 days.
- Ofloxacin 0.2 g of 2 times a day for 5-7 days.
- Ceftriaxone 1-2 1 g once daily for 5-7 days.
Diarrhea with severe signs of inflammation (presence of blood, pus, mucus in the stool), accompanied by fever:
- Norfloxacin 0.4 g of 2 times a day for 3-5 days.
- Ciprofloxacin 0.5 g of 2 times a day for 3-5 days.
- Ofloxacin 0.2 g of 2 times a day for 3-5 days.
chronic forms of treatment
In the treatment of chronic enteritis tactic is somewhat different:
- the mainstay of treatment - is a specific diet №4 (exclusion of acute, fat, annoying, small portions, vegetable and milk table with enrichment in protein and minerals, excluding crude fiber)
- hereinafter dieting up to life, especially when the intestinal wall hereditary defects,
- assignment enzyme preparations (Festalum, Creon, Digestal, sustak)
- the appointment of correctors motor with swelling, nausea, bowel gipermotorike (imodium, loperamide)
- vegetable binding agent for refractory diarrheas (cherry fruit, oak bark, St. John's Wort),
- probiotics and biologics (bifidobacteria and laktobakterin, Narine)
- multivitamin supplementation mineral supplements.
Forecast
The prognosis for the correct treatment of acute enteritis - favorable in chronic enteritis prognosis depends on the cause and extent of damage the intestine. With diet and regular treatment can be avoided exhaustion and adverse outcomes.
When the "watery" diarrhea, antibiotic therapy is not indicated. In this case the base treatment is therapy aimed at maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance (excessive drinking salt solution - e.g., "rehydron").
